How the FBI Sabotaged Black America

Lynching, Black People - Cyber Reading by Maida Jones

When I heard the news of the murder of Trayvon Martin, I thought, what would Ida B. Wells do? If you do or don't know who Ms. Wells was, check out the reading above by Maida Jones from the book Black People And Their Place In World History.  This dynamic, insightful book is by Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian, Honorary African Chief. Like Marcus Garvey said "Truth crushed to earth shall rise again."

The cold blooded murder, as revealed on the 911 tapes, friend and neighbors reports, of Trayvon Martin are only the latest in America's bloody history of lynching innocent people in the name of creating and maintaining racism in America. 


This situation is really a shame. When citizens are asked what would have been the arrest procedure if the racial identities of the two men involved were reversed, not an awakened soul in America responded, 'nothing different would have happened.' Yet, 'Where's The Outrage?  It is the most telling, though unintended admission of the understanding of the depth of racism we pretend not to know about. It is a sickness that must be rooted out now at the cause, the best way to solve any problem.


This situation, the execution of Trayvon Martin, demands volumes more than justice. This situation demands change at our most fundamental levels.  Who Are We? What Have We Done? How Do We Make Things Better For All?

The more we understand history, the easier it is to not repeat the mistakes of the past.  To the family, friends and supporters of Trayvon Martin, through the intense pain, thank you for your heroic actions. He is this century's Emit Till.

The bibliography and text are also posted below from the book, Chapter, After 1865 - pages 134-139. The book's $10 .pdf is available at Lulu, the paperback available at Amazon  

LYNCHING

Linkable books from Amazon.com

Adams. R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co., Inc.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, B. (ed.) (1977) Lynching and Rape: An Exchange of Views. American Institute for Marxist Studies.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. New York: Citadel Press

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Davis, M. (1982) Contributions of Black Women to America. Columbia, South Carolina; Kenday Press.

Duster, A. (1970) Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (eds.) (1982) Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Lerner, G. (ed.) (1973) Black Women in White America. A Documentary History. New York: Vintage Books.

Low, A. & Glift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.

Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

LYNCHING

Lynching is defined as mob execution, usually by hanging, without the benefit of trial and often accompanied with torture and body mutilation.  The usual scenario included a mob of up to 5,000 White men attacking a single, defenseless Black man and executing him for a crime he was never convicted of or even charged with in most cases.  Lynching is considered one of the most horrific chapters in African American history and is only exceeded by slavery in cruelty and savagery toward another human being.

Lynching Statistics

Years	Whites	Blacks	Total
1882-1891	751	732	1,483
1892-1901	381	1,124	1,505
1902-1911	77	707	784
1912-1921	50	554	604
1922-1931	23	201	224
1932-1941	10	95	105
1942-1951	2	25	27
1952-1961	1	5	6
1962-1968	2	2	4
Totals	1,297	3,445	4,742

Ironically, the term “lynch” is derived from the name of Charles Lynch, a Virginia planter and patriot during the American Revolution, who directed violence toward White British loyalists.  After the Civil War and emancipation, lynching became almost synonymous with hanging and torturing African American males.  Between 1882 and 1930 more than 3,300 Black male victims were hanged, burned alive, castrated, and mutilated by mostly southern White mobs who have never faced any charges for these criminal acts.  Coroners and law officials typically attributed the murders to “parties unknown.”  Most historians and sociologists agree that mob executions was really about social control and to maintain the status quo of White superiority and had little to due with crime control.

Ida B. Wells (1862-1931) could easily be called the mother of the anti-lynching movement.  She was the first of eight children born to slave parents in Holly Springs, Mississippi.  After emancipation, she attended several schools run by northern Methodist missionaries including Rust College.  In 1879, after the yellow fever epidemic claimed the lives of both her parents, she moved to Memphis, Tennessee with the younger children and accepted a teaching position.  Because of her great concern for racial injustice, Wells was invited to write for a local church paper.  As her fame increased, she was asked to contribute to several Baptist newspapers.  She eventually became editor and partner of the “Free Speech and Headlight” Baptist newspaper.

In 1892, the brutal lynching of three close friends in Memphis started Ida B. Wells on a militant, uncompromising, single-minded crusade against lynching from which she would never retreat.  Her three friends committed the crime of opening a grocery store, which successfully competed with a White grocer directly across the street.  For the crime of becoming too “uppity”, a large White mob took the three proprietors from their grocery store, tortured and killed them.  Ms. Wells wrote angry editorials in her newspaper encouraging Blacks to leave Memphis if possible and to boycott White businesses, which left several White companies including the newly opened streetcar line on the verge of bankruptcy.

Ida B. Wells decided to launch her anti-lynching movement on several fronts.  She first wanted to explode the myth that lynching was primarily to protect White women from rape by Black men.  She published detailed statistics on lynching, which demonstrated that less than one-fifth of the victims of lynch mobs were even accused of rape by their killers.  She said that racist southern White mobs “cry rape” to brand their victims as “moral monsters” and to place them “beyond the pale of human sympathy.”  She wrote that while Southern White men raped Black women and children with impunity, they considered any liaison between a Black man and a White woman as involuntary by definition.  She pointed out that children produced by White-Black relationships were called “mulatto” from the Spanish word for mule because racist Whites believed that mixed-race children, like the offspring of donkeys and horses, were an inferior breed that could not reproduce.  When Ms. Wells suggested in print that White women were often willing participants with Black men, a large White mob destroyed the presses of her newspaper and would have killed her had she not been visiting friends in New York.  Thomas Fortune invited her to stay in New York and write for the “New York Age”.  She was also allowed to exchange the circulation list of the “Free Speech” for a one fourth interest in the “Age” and immediately began to write a series on lynching.

The second approach of Ida B. Wells in her anti-lynching movement was to appeal to the Christian conscience of powerful non-southern Whites.  She published two pamphlets (“Southern Horror” in 1892 and “A Red Book” in 1895) in hopes that extensive statistical analyses of lynching would clearly point out that the southern rape fantasy was merely “an excuse to get rid of Negroes who were acquiring wealth and property.”  She pointed out that the same lynch mob that killed a Nashville Black man accused of visiting a White woman left unharmed a White man convicted of raping an eight year old girl.  Since Ms. Well’s viewed lynching as primarily an economic issue, she hoped that economic pressure from the “ruling-class Whites” could produce southern social change.  She began a lecture tour in the Northeast in 1892 and in 1894 she lectured in England where she helped organize the British Anti-Lynching Society.  Ms. Wells was able to effect a curtailment of British investment in the South by suggesting that this could influence American sentiment.  In 1895, Ida B. Wells toured the northern and western states organizing American anti-lynching societies.

Ida B. Wells told African Americans that her analysis of mob violence suggested that it abated whenever Blacks exercised “manly self-defense.”  In “Southern Horrors” she suggested, “a Winchester rifle should have a place of honor in every Black home.”  She also told Blacks that they must retaliate with their economic power.  She urged Blacks to boycott White businesses or to migrate to Oklahoma since Black labor was the industrial strength of the South.  She said: “The more the Afro-American yields and cringes and begs, the more he has to do so, the more he is insulted, outraged, and lynched.”

Since Southern courts would not punish lynching participants, Ms. Wells lobbied for legislation that would make lynching a federal crime.  In 1901, Ida B. Wells met with President William McKinley and pressed for his support with anti-lynching legislation.  However, she could not get McKinley or Theodore Roosevelt to support an anti-lynching bill that was introduced in Congress in 1902.  As one of the founding members of the NAACP in 1909, she made her anti-lynching campaign including anti-lynching legislation among the NAACP’s highest priorities.  The NAACP investigated specific incidents and published national statistics on lynching in an attempt to sway public support to put a stop to lynching.  In 1918, the NAACP was able to get Republican Congressman Leonidas Dyer to introduce a bill that subjected lynch mobs to a charge of capital murder for their actions.  The Dyer Bill passed in the House of Representatives but failed in the Senate because southern Democrats never allowed the bill out of committee.  Congressman Dyer re-introduced the bill each year for the next ten years, but it never again passed either house.

As a result of the life-long crusade of Ida B. Wells against lynching, she became the inspiration for organizations throughout the country that opposed lynching.  For example, The American Civil Liberties Union, The Commission on Interracial Cooperation, and The Communist Party of the United States all played a role in the anti-lynching campaign.  Ironically, White middle class Southern women for whom lynching was suppose to protect, formed the Jessie Daniel Ames Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching in 1930.  In honor of her legacy, a low-income housing project in Chicago was named after Ida B. Wells in 1941; and in 1990, the U.S. Postal Service issued an Ida B. Wells commemorative stamp.  The “militant,” “uncompromising,” “outspoken,” and “fearless” Ida B. Wells can surely look back upon her life as a genuine success in helping to end one of the most horrific chapters in African American history.


End of book text. 


For more information on Black history you can obtain a copy of Dr. Vaughn's book for $10 in .pdf format at Lulu, the paperback available at Amazon  

What do you know about black history?

Folks really need to read more.

"If you really want to know about “Black People and Their Place in World History” then you should rush out and obtain a copy of Dr. Vaughn’s masterpiece before the sun goes down."  Brad Pye, Jr.

Formerly (for thirty years): Los Angeles Sentinel Newspaper’s Sports Editor, Sports Director for KGFJ, KACE, KJLH, and KDAYradio stations.

Currently Brad Pye, Jr. is sports columnist for the following publications: Los Angeles Watts Times, Compton Bulletin,InglewoodToday and Inland News.

Crack - How Not To Let Another Dr. King or Malcolm X Through

It's long been noted that during the era of Iran Contra, the best and brightest were targeted for crack addiction. Recent media cries about how Whitney Houston wasted her life reach a rage in folks who thought they had forgiven and moved on from. Whitney Houston, Richard Pryor and so many others were clearly targeted and drained.

So I asked a question to Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian, Humanitarian, Honorary Nigerian African Chief and author of the dynamic Black history book BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY.  His response, though rooting, chilled me to the bone.

'I've heard that J. Edgar Hoover did not want another Dr. Martin Luther King or Malcolm X to get through. Given the recent death of Whitney Houston, maybe now we can talk about this taboo topic - what was the impact of Iran Contra crack on the Black American community?'

Dr. Vaughn:  "Iran Contra did not happen until 1986.  They supposedly used money from selling arms to Iran to fund a war in Nicaragua which eventually overthrew the government.

The drugs entered the Black community in the late 1960’s to stop the Civil Rights movement.  First heroin and then other drugs were heavily supplied in the Black community.  Vietnam and the Far East supplied most of the drugs.  Afghan drugs (heroin) are now used in addition to cocaine from South America.

I think it is well documented that the USA controls most of the world’s drugs and supposedly uses the money to fight the war on terror. 

However, the drugs also serve as a giant sedative on the Black and activists communities.”

For more of Dr. Vaughn's powerful historic insight, the kind we can use to NOT repeat the lessons of the past, Los Angeles journalist Brad Pye, Jr. advises:

‘If you really want to know about Black People And Their Place In World History then you should rush out and obtain a copy of Dr. Vaughn’s masterpiece before the sun goes down."

Yes Dr. King, Blacks Have A Place In The Present & Future

MLK Day Cyber Birthday Card  from the Computer Underground Railroad, J. Nayer Hardin, Founder, Conductor. 


This MLK Day we are celebrating when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. thanked Gene Roddenberry and Nichelle Nichols for their work done on the television series Star Trek. Dr. King noted how the series did something evolutionary for its day. The 60's science fiction television program showed Black people in the future as a vital part of the team. 


The card is based on selected readings from the book BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY by Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian combined with historic material from Nichols and Dr. King.


"It was in Star Trek that Nichols gained popular recognition by being one of the first black women featured in a major television series not portraying a servant; her prominent supporting role as a bridge officer was unprecedented. During the first year of the series, Nichols was tempted to leave the show, as she felt her role lacked significance; however, a conversation with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., changed her mind. She has said that King personally encouraged her to stay on the show, telling her that he was a big fan of the series. He said she "could not give up" because she was playing a vital role model for black children and young women across the country, as well as for other children who would see African Americans appearing as equals.[5][6][7] It is also often reported that Dr. King added that "Once that door is opened by someone, no one else can close it again." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichelle_Nichols 

Yes Dr. King, we have a place in the future. For example, the creator of the personal computer, IBM's Dr. Mark Dean.  It's in Dr. King's honor that a new community based computer training to bridge the digital divide has begun in South Central Los Angeles, the same style the railroad did in the 1990's in NYC where over 3,000 folks became computer literate.


You were right Dr. King that folks were integrated into a burning house, however, it's because everyone is needed to put out the moral and physical fires evil has started.  Only truth can set us free.


This presentation of cyber readings is in honor of Dr. Martin Luther King's 2012 birthday. They are from the Black history book BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY by Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian 


HAPPY BIRTHDAY DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING!  I'VE RESTARTED THE COMPUTER TRAINING DONE IN HARLEM, THIS TIME IN SOUTH CENTRAL LOS ANGELES!


Enjoy.

READ & THINK! Black People And Their Place In World History - Bibliography

On this, the first day of Kwanzaa, 2012, let's reflect on what's true.  

Reading is a great place to start.  Below is the bibliography from the book 

BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY

by DR. LEROY VAUGHN, MD, MBA, HISTORIAN 

that is available on amazon.com

Bibliography For Additional Research and Understanding

WHO CREATED CIVILIZATION

Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. (1970) African Origins of the Major Western Religion, Baltimore Black Classic Press
Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. (1988) Africa: Mother of Western Civilization. Baltimore, MD
Browder, A. (1992) Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization. Wash., D.C.: Institute of Karmic Guidance.
Budge, E. A. (1967) The Egyptian Book of the Dead, New York: Dover Publications
Diop, C.A. (1981) The African Origin of Civilization.: Myth or Reality. Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill and Company.
Finch, C. (1990) The African Background to Medical Science. London, U.K. Billing and Sons Ltd.
Finch. C. (1991) Echoes of the Old Darkland, Decatur, Georgia; Khenti, Inc.
Haldeman, H. (1994) The Halderman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House, NY: Berkley Pub. Group.
James, G. (1954) Stolen Legacy. San Francisco: Julian Richardson.
Khamit-Kush, I. (1983) What They Never Told You In History Class. Bronx, NY: Luxorr Publications.
Massey, G. (1970) Ancient Egypt; New York: Samuel Weiser.
Massey, G. (1983) Natural Genesis: London: Williams and Northgate.
Rogers, J. (1991) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, Florida: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Blacks in Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books.

HATSHEPSUT

Breasted, J. (1937) A History of Egypt. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Cottrell, L. (1961) The Lost Pharaohs, New York: The University Library
Diop, CA (1978) The Cultural Unity of Black Africa: Chicago: Third World Press.
Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press
Montet, P. (1964) Eternal Egypt. New York: The New American Library
Murnana, W. (1977) Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Chicago: Oriental Inst. of the University of Chicago.
Murray, M. (1963) The Splendor That Was Egypt. New York: Hawthorne Books
Redford, D. (1967) History & Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. Toronto. Univ. of Toronto Press
Rogers, J. A. (1946) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Collier Books.
Romer, J. (1981) Valley of the Kings, New York: William Morrow and Co.
Sewell, B. (1968) Egypt Under the Pharaohs. New York: G. P Putnam’s Sons.
Sweetman, D. (1984) Women Leaders in African History. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1988) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, New Jersey; Transaction Publishers.
Wells, E. (1969) Hatshepsut. New York: Doubleday and Co.
Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press

BLACK EGYPTIANS

Bernal, M. (1987) Black Athena. London: Free Association Books
Diop, C.A. (1978) The Cultural Unity of Black Africa. Chicago: Third World Press
Diop, C.A. (1981) The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. Westport CT: Lawrence Hill & Co.
Diop, C.A. (1981) “Origin of the Ancient Egyptians” in Mokhtar, G. (ed.) Gen. History of Africa. Univ. of CA Pr.
Diop, C.A. (1991) Civilization or Barbarism. Westport Connecticut: Lawrence Hill and Co.
Greenburg, J. H. (1963) The Languages of Africa. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Press.
Herodotus. (1983) The Histories. Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin Books
James, G. (1954) Stolen Legacy, San Francisco: Julian Richardson
Massey, G. (1970) Ancient Egypt. New York: Samuel Weiser
Massey, G. (1983) Natural Genesis. London Williams and Norgate.
St. Clair, D. (1987) Black Folk Here and There, Los Angeles; UCLA.
Van Sertima, I. (ed. (1986) Great African Thinkers, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1989) Egypt Revisited. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

ANCIENT BLACK NUBIANS IN AMERICA

Dee Roo, P. (1900) History of America Before Columbus. Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott.
Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Irwin, C. (1963) Fair Gods, and Stone Faces. New York: St. Martin’s Press
Jairazbhoy, R. A. (1974) Ancient Egyptians and Chinese In America. New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield.
Jairazbhoy, R. A. (1992) Rameses III: Father of Ancient America. Chicago: Frontline International.
Nettleford, R. & Hyatt, V. (eds.)(1995) Race, Discourse & Origin of the Americas. Wash., D. C. Smith. Inst. Pr.
Peterson, F. (1959) Ancient Mexico. New York: Putnam and Sons.
Van Sertima, I. (1977) They Came Before Columbus. New York: Random House.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1992) African Presence In Early America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Von Wuthenau, A. (1975) Unexpected Faces in Ancient America. New York: Crown Publishers.
Von Wuthennau, A. (1969) Art of Terracotta Pottery in Pre-Columbian South & Central Am. NY: Crown.
Wiener, L. (1922) Africa and the Discovery of America. Philadelphia: Innes and Sons.

BLACK MULTI-GENIUSES

Stetter, C. (1993) Secret Medicine of the Pharaohs. Carol Streams, Illinois: Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1986) Great African Thinkers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.
Diop, C.A. (1978) The Cultural Unity of Black Africa. Chicago: Third World Press
Diop, C.A. (1981) The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. Westport CT: Lawrence Hill Co.
Diop, C.A. (1991 Civilization or Barbarism. Westport Connecticut: Lawrence Hill and Co.
Diop, C.A. Origin of the Ancient Egyptians in Mokhtar, Gen. History of Africa. Berkeley: Univ. of CA Pr.
Finch. C. (1990) African Background to Medical Science. London, U.K.: Billing and sons Ltd., Worcester.
Hayden, R. (1992) 7 African American Scientists. Frederick, Maryland: Twenty-First Century Books.
Hurry, J. (1987) Imhotep: The Egyptian God of Medicine. Chicago: Ares Publishers Inc.
Rogers, J. A. (1946) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Collier Books.
Rogers, J. A. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, Florida: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) )1991) Blacks In Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

HANNIBAL AFRICAN MILITARY GENIUS

Arnold, T. (1886) The Second Punic War. London: Macmillan and Co.
Baker, G. (1929) Hannibal. New York: Dodd Meade.
Cottrell, L. (1988) Hannibal: Enemy of Rome. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc.
De Beer, G. (1959) Alps and Elephants: Hannibal’s March. New York: Dutton.
DeGraft-Johnson, J.C. (1954) African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Gilbert, C. (1968) Life and Death of Carthage. New York: Tapinger.
Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press.
Jackson, J. G. (1970) Introduction to African Civilizations. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Lamb, H. (1958) Hannibal: One Man Against Rome. New York: Doubleday.
Law, W. (1866) The Alps of Hannibal. London: Macmillan and Co.
Liddell, H. (1926) Greater Than Napoleon - Scipio Africanus. London: William Blackwood and Sons.
Rogers, J. A. (1946) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Collier Books
Van Sertima, I (ed.) (1986) Great African Thinkers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

WHO ARE THE DOGON

Charroux, R. (1972) The Mysterious Unknown. London: Neville Spearman
Finch, C. (1998) The Star of Deep Beginnings. Decatur, Georgia: Khenti, Inc.
Ford, D. (1954) African Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Griaule, M., Dieterlen, G. (1986) The Pale Fox. Afrikan World Book Distributor
Hawking, S. (1990) A Brief History of Time, New York: Bantam Books
Michanowsky, G. (1977) The Once and Future Star. New York: Hawthorn.
Rawlinson, G. (1885) Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World. New York: John B. Alden.
Smoot, G. & Davidson, K. (1993) Wrinkles in Time, New York: Avon Books.
Temple, R. (1976) The Sirius Mysteries. New York: St. Martins Press, Inc.
Tompkins, P. (1978) Secrets of the Great Pyramid. New York: Harper Colophon Edition.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Blacks in Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books.
Wolf, F. (1988) Parallel Universes. New York: Simon and Shuster.

GREAT AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS

Brooks, L. (1971) African Achievements. Stamford, CT: De Gustibus Press.
Chu, D. & Skinner, E. (1990) A Glorious Age In Africa: Story of 3 Great African Empires. Trenton, NJ
Davidson, B. (1959) The Lost Cities of Africa. Boston: Little-Brown.
Davidson, B. (1964) The African Past. Boston: Little-Brown.
Davidson, B. (1965) A History of West Africa. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday.
DeGraft-Johnson, J.C. (1954) African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Dobbler, L. & Brown, W. (1965) Great Rulers of the African Past. New York: Doubleday.
Drachler, J. African Heritage. New York: Collier Books.
Hyman. M. 1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Jackson, J. (1990) Introduction to African Civilization. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Motley, M. (1969) Africa: Its Empires, Nations, and People. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Robinson, C., Battle, R., & Robinson, E. (1987) Journey of the Songhai People. Philadelphia: Farmer Press.
Rogers, J. A. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Macmillian Publishing Co.
Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization, Chicago: Third World Press.

THE MOORS

Bennett, N. (1975) Africa and Europe. New York: Africana Publishing Co.
Bovill, E. (1970) The Golden Trade of the Moors. London: Oxford University Press.
Davidson, B. (1971) Discovering Our African Heritage. Boston: Ginn & Co.
DeGraft-Johnson, J.C. (1954) African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Jackson, J. (1990) Introduction to African Civilization. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Lane-Poole, S. (1990) The Story of the Moors in Spain. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Rogers, J. A. (1968) Sex and Race. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Rogers, J. A. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Scobie, E. (1994) Global African Presence, New York: A & B Books Publishers.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Moorish Conquest of Europe. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Williams, C. (1976) The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press.
Windsor, R. (1969) From Babylon to Timbuktu. New York: Exposition Press.
Woodson, C. (1939) African Heroes and Heroines. Washington, EC: Associated Publishers.

BLACK POPES

Brusher, J. (1959) Popes Through the Ages. Princeton.
Holtzclaw, R. (1980) The Saints Go Marching In. Keeble Press Inc.
Khamit-Kush, I. (1983) What They Never Told You in History Class. Bronx, NY: Luxorr Publications.
Loomis, L. R. (1916) Book of the Popes, New York.
Ottley, R. (1952) No Green Pastures, London: John Murray
Scobie, E. (1994) Global Afrikan Presence. New York: A & B Books Publishers.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1993) African Presence in Early Europe. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

AFRICAN MEDICINE

Brothwell, D. & Sandison, A. (eds.) (1967) Disease In Antiquity. Springfield, MA: Charles C. Thomas.
Bryant, A. (1966) Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men, Cape Town: C. Struik.
Finch, C. (1992) Africa and the Birth of Science and Technology. Decatur, FA: Khenti Inc.
Finch, C., (1990) The African Background to Medical Science. London, UK: Billing and Sons Ltd.
Harley, G. (1970) Native African Medicine. London: Frank Cass.
Imperato, P. (1979) African Folk Medicine. Baltimore, York Press.
Johnston, H. (1902) The Uganda Protectorate. London: Hutchison and Co.
Osler, W. (1982) The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Birmingham: The Classics of Medicine Library.
Pankhurst, R. (1990) The Medical History of Ethiopia. Trenton, New Jersey.
Rogers, J. (1991) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, Florida: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Sofowara, A. (1982) Medicinal Plants & Traditional Medicine in Africa. NY: John Wiley and Sons Limited.
Stetter, C. (1993) The Secret Medicine of the Pharaohs, Trenton, New Jersey: Red Sea Press.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Blacks in Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Brooks.
Zaslavsky, C. (1973) Africa Counts. Westport: Lawrence Hill & Co.

THE BLACK MADONNA

Begg, E. (1985) The Cult of the Black Virgin. New York: Penguin Books.
Budge, E. (1969) The Gods of the Egyptians. New York: Dover.
Doane, T. W. (1882) Bible Myths. New York: Truth Seeker Co.
Grabar, A. (1968) Christian Iconography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jameson, M. (1876) Legends of the Madonna. Boston: Osgood and Co.
MacQuitty, W. (1976) Island of Isis. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Morey, C.R. (1958) Christian Art. New York: Norton.
Patrick R. (1972) Egyptian Mythology. London: Octopus Books.
Rogers, J. A. (1967) Sex and Race. New York: Helga Rogers Publishing
Snowden, F. (1970) Blacks in Antiquity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Van Der Merr, F. (1967) Early Christian Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1984) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Witt, R. (1971) Isis in the Graeco-Roman World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell.

CHRISTMAS PAGANISM

Anyike, J. (1994) Historical Christianity African Centered. Chicago: Winston-Derek Publishers Group Inc.
Barashango, I. (1983) African People & European Holidays. Silver Spr., MD: 4th Dyn. Pub.Co.
Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. (1970 African Origins of the Major Western Religions. Balt., MD: Black Classic Press.
Churchward, A. The Origin and Evolution of Religion. Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing Co.
Conzelmann. H. (1973) History of Primitive Christianity. New York: Abingdon Press.
Doane, T. W. (1882) Bible Myths. New York: Truth Seeker Co.
Graham, L. (1975) Deceptions and Myths of the Bible. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Graves, K. (1991) The World’s Sixteen Crucified Saviors. New York: The Cleage Group.
Higgins, G. (1927) Anacalypsis. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books Inc.
Jackson, J. G. (1972) Man, God and Civilization. New York: University Books, Inc.
Massey, G. (1992) The Historical Jesus and the Mythical Christ. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books Publishing.
Shabazz, I. A. (1990) Symbolism, Holidays, Myths and Signs. Jersey City: New Mind Productions
Tardo, R. K. The Shocking Truth About Christmas. Arabi, Louisiana: Faithful World Publications.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Blant, J. M. (1992) 1492: Debate on Colonialism, Eurocenterism & Hist. Trenton, NJ: African World Press
Bradley, M. (1992) The Columbus Conspiracy. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.
Carew, J. (1988) Fulcrums of Change. Trenton, NJ: African World Press.
Carew, J. (1994) Rape of Paradise. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books
Cohen, J. M. (ed.) (1976) Native Population of the Americas in 1492. Madison: University of Wisc. Press.
Konig, H. (1991) Columbus: His Enterprise, Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Mahtown, P. (1992) Columbus: Sinking the Myth. New York: World View Forum.
Nash, G. (1970) Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Williams, E. (1970) From Columbus to Castro. New York: Vintage Books.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial.

BLACK INDIANS

Albers, J. (1975) Interaction of Color. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Amos, A. & Senter, T. (eds.) 1996) The Black Seminoles. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Bailey, L. (1966) Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest, Los Angeles: Westernlore.
Bemrose, J. (1966) Reminiscences of the Second Seminole War. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Boxer, F. (1963) Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415-1825. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Browser, F. (1974) The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Cohen, D. & Greene, J. (eds.) Neither Slave nor Free.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.
Covington, J. (1982) Billy Bowlegs War: The Final Stand of the Seminoles.. Cluluota, FL. Mickler House.
Craven, W. (1971) White, Red, & Black: The 17th Cent. Virginian. Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press.
Forbes, J. (1964) The Indian in America’s Past. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Forbes, J. (1993) Africans and Native Americans. Chicago: University of Illinois.
Katz, Loren (1986) Black Indians. New York Macmillan Publishing Co.
Nash, G. (1970) Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

LORD DUNMORE’S ETHIOPIAN REGIMENT

Aptheker, H. (1940) The Negro in the American Revolution. New York.
Armstrong, M. (1948) The Great Awakening in Nova Scotia, 1766-1809. Hartford.
Banton, M. (1957) West African City: A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown. London.
Beck, M. (1957) The Government of Nova Scotia. Toronto.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York.
Butt-Thompson, F. (1926) Sierra Leone in History and Tradition. London.
Clairmont, D. (1970) Nova Scotian Blacks: An Historical and Structural Overview. Halifax.
Clendenen, C. & Duigan, P. (1964) Americans in Black Africa up to 1865. Stanford.
Crooks, J. (1903) A History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, West Africa. Dublin.
Davis, D. (1966) The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. New York.
Elkins, S. (1959) Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. New York.
Franklin, J. (1969) From Slavery to Freedom. New York.
Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America, St. Petersburg, FL.
Walker, J. (1992) The Black Loyalists. Toronto.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS VS BELGIUM KING LEOPOLD II

Anstey, R. (1966) King Leopold’s Legacy: Congo Under Belgian Rule 1908-1960. London: Oxford Univ. Pr.
Bauer, L. (1935) Leopold the Unloved: King of the Belgians and of Wealth. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.
Blant, J. M. (1992) 1492: Debate on Colonialism, Eurocenterism and Hist. Trenton, NJ: African World Pr.
Bradley, M. (1992) The Columbus Conspiracy. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.
Carew, J. (1994) Rape of Paradise. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.
Cohen, J. M. (ed.) (1969) Christopher Columbus: The Four Voyages. London: Penguin Books.
De Las Casas, B. (1971) History of the Indies. New York: Harper and Row.
Emerson, B. (1979) Leopold II of the Belgiums: King of Colonialism. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.
Fetter, B. (1983) Colonial Rule and Regional Imbalance in Central Africa. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.
Gann, L. & Duignan, P. (1979) Rulers of Belgium Africa 1884 - 1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hochschild, A. (1998) King Leopold’s Ghost. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.

BLACKS AND THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

Aptheker, H. (1974) Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.
Bailyn, B. & Garrett, N. (eds.) (1965) Pamphlets of the Am. Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Pr.
Becker C. (1958) Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas. NY: Random House.
Degler, C. (1970) Out of Our Past. New York: Harper and Row.
Hill, C. (1964) Puritanism and Revolution. New York: Schocken.
Kurtz, S. & Hutson, J. (eds.) Essays on the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of NC
Lynd, S. (1967) Class Conflict, Slavery, and the Constitution. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Maier, P. (1972) From Resistance to Revolution.., 1765-1776. New York: Knopf.
Shy, J. (1976) A People Numerous & Armed.. New York: Oxford University Press.
Smith, P. (1976) A New Age Now Begins: A People’s History of the Am. Revolution. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Young, A. (ed.) (1976) The American Revolution…DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial.

AFRICAN WARRIOR QUEEN NZINGA

Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Jackson, J. (1970) Introduction to African Civilization. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Robinson, C. & Battle, R. (1987) The Journey of the Songhai People. Philadelphia: Farmer Press.
Rogers, J. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Sweetman, D. (1971) Queen Nzinga. London: Longman.
Sweetman, D. (1984) Women Leaders in African History. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books.
Van Sertima, I. (1988) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press.
Woodson, C. (1969) African Heroes and Heroines. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers Inc.

SLAVE CHILDREN OF THOMAS JEFFERSON

Adler, D. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: Father of Our Democracy. New York: Holiday House.
Bakhufu, A. (1993) The Six Black Presidents. Washington, D.C.: PIK2 Publications.
Bear, J. & Betts, E. (1987) Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, University Press of Virginia.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Brodie, F. (1974) Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Erickson, E. (1974) Dimensions of a New Identity: Jefferson Lectures. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Jefferson, I. (1951) Memoirs of a Monticello Slave. University of Virginia
Kane, J. (1981) Facts About the Presidents: From Geo. Wash. to Ronald Reagan. NY: H. W. Wilson Co.
Malone, D. (1981) Jefferson and His Times: The Sage of Monticello. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Mapp, A. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: A Strange Case of Mistaken Identity: New York: Madison Books.
Reuter, E. (1969) The Mulatto in the United States. Haskell House.
Sloan, S. (1992) The Slave Children of Thomas Jefferson. Berkeley: The Orsden Press.
Sullivan, M. (1991) Presidential Passions: Love Affairs of Am’s Pres. - Wash. - John. NY: Shapolsky Pub.
Tinsell, C. (1964) The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers. New York: Devin-Adair Co.

PAUL CUFFEE

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.
Al-Mansour, K. (1993) Betrayal by Any Other Name. San Francisco: The First African Arabian Press.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US: NY: Macmillan Pub. Co.
Aptheker, H. (1968) To Be Free. New York: International Publishers
Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (1991) Historical & Cultural Atlas of African Ams. Nzzzzy: Macmillan Pub. Co.
Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Karenga, M. (1993) Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles: The University of Sandore Press.
Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the 19th Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.
McIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery. Queens, NY: Kayode Publications.

DAVID WALKER

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.
Al-Mansour, K. (1993) Betrayal by Any Other Name. San Francisco: The First African Arabian Press.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. NY: Citadel Press.
Aptheker, H. (1968) To Be Free. New York: International Publishers.
Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press.
Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neil Schuman Publishers.
McIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery. Queens, NY: Kayode
Publications
Sally C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Wiltse, C (ed.) (1965) David Walker’s Appeal. New York: Hill & Wang.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

RICHARD ALLEN AND THE A. M. E. CHURCH

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co., Inc.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana, New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. NY: Citidel Press.
Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (1991) Historical & Cultural Atlas of African Ams. NY: Macmillan Pub. Co.
Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
Handy, J. (1902) Scraps of African Methodist Episcopal History. Philadelphia: A. M. E. Book Concern.
Litwack, L. & Meter, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the 19th Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neil Schuman Publishers.
MyIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery.
Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Wesley, C. (1935) Richard Allen: Apostle of Freedom. Washington, DC.

WAR OF 1812

Donaldson, G. (1991) History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL. Krieger Pub. Co.
Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.
Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.
Langley, H. (1967) Social Reforms in the US Navy: 1798-1862. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
McConnell, R. (1968) Negro Troops of Antebellum Louisiana.. Baton Rouge, LA: LA State Univ. Press.
Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers Black Sailors Black Ink….. Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.
Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.
Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military.
Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing
Wilson, J. (1977) The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldier ... Wars of 1775-1812, 1861-1865
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

JOHN BROWN TEST

Aaron, D. (1973) The Unwritten War. New York: Oxford University Press.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. New York: Citadel Press.
Aptheker, H. (1969) American Negro Slave Revolts, New York: International Publishers.
Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (eds.) (1991) Historical & Cultural Atlas of Afr. Ams. NY Macmillan Pub. Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
DuBois, W. (1972) John Brown - New York: International Publishers.
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, NY Alfred A. Knopf.
Loewen, J. (1995) Lies My Teacher Told Me, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.
Oates, S. (1970) To Purge This Land With Blood. New York: Harper & Row.
Scheidenhelm, R. (ed.) (1972) The Response to John Brown. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Stavis, B. (1970) John Brown: The Sword and the Word. New York: A.S. Barnes.
Warch, R & Fanton, J. (eds.) John Brown. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York HarperCollins Publishers.

BLACK PEOPLE OF THE OLD WEST

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. New York: Citadel Press.
Beasley, D. (1919) The Negro Trail Blazer of CA, Los Angeles: Times Mirror Printing and Binding House.
Billington, M. & Hardaway, R. (eds.) (1998) African Ams. on the West. Front. Niwot, CO: Univ. Pr. of CO
Graebner, N. (ed.) 1968) Manifest Destiny. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Jay, W. (1849) A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War. Boston: B. B. Mussey & Co.
Katz, W. (1992) Black People Who Made the Old West, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press
Lapp, R. (1977) Blacks in Gold Rush California. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
Pelz, R. (1989) Black Heroes of the Wild West. Seattle: Open Hand Publishers.
Ravage, J. (1997) Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience.. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.
Savage, W. (1976) Blacks in the West. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Schroeder, J. (1973) Mr. Polk’s War: Am. Opposition and Dissent 1846-1848. Madison: Univ. of WI Press.
Smith, G. & Judah, C. (eds.) (1966) Chron. of the Gringos: U. S Army ... 1846-1848. Albuq.: Univ. of WI Pr.

BLACK WOMEN OF THE OLD WEST

Billington, M & Hardaway, E. (eds.) (1998) African Ams on the West. Front. Niwot, CO: Univ. Pr. of CO.
Bruyn, K. (1970) Aunt Clara Brown: Story of a Black Pioneer - Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Co.
James, E. & James J. (eds.) (1971) Notable American Women. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Katz, W. (1992) Black People Who Made the Old West, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
Lerner, G. (1979) The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History. NY: Oxford University Press.
Myres, S. (1982) Westering Women: The Frontier Experience. 1880-1915. Albuquerque: Univ. of NM Press.
Pelz, R. (1989) Black Heroes of the Wild West. Seattle: Open Hand Publishers.
Ravage, J. (1977) Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience….Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.
Riley, G. (1981) Frontierswomen: The Iowa Experience. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Savage, W. (1976) Blacks in the West. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Sterling, D. (1984) We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the 19^th Century. NY: W.W. Norton & Co.
Thompson, E. (1986) American Daughter. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society.

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE CIVIL WAR

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.
Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.
Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.
Langley, H. (1967) Social Reforms in the United States Navy: 1798-1862. Urbana, IL: University of IL Press.
Lanning. M. (1977) African-Am. Soldier from Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub.
McConnell, R. (1968) Negro Troops of Antebellum Louisiana:.. Baton Rouge, LA: LA State Univ. Press.
Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink: Research Guide…….
Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.
Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. NY: Free Press.
Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Wilson, J. (1977) Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldier ... 1775-1812, 1861-1865. NY: Arno Press.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers

BLACK COWBOYS

Abbott, E. & Smith, H. (1939) We Pointed Them North: Recs. of a Cowpuncher. NY: Farrar & Rienhart.
Adams, A. (1931) The Log of a Cowboy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Adams, R. (ed.) (1957) The Best of the American Cowboy. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Atherton, L. (1961) The Cattle Kings. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Bard, F. (1960) Horse Wrangler: Sixty Years in the Saddle in WY and MT. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
Billington, M. & Hardaway, R. (eds.)(1998) Afr. Ams. on the West. Frontier. Niwot, CO. Univ. Pr. of CO.
Branch, E. (1961) The Cowboy and His Interpreters. New York: Cooper Square Publishers
Bronson, E. (1910) Cowboy Life on the West. Plains. Reminiscences of a Ranchman. NY: Geo. H. Doran Co.
Durham, P. & Jones, E. (1965) The Negro Cowboys. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Katz, W. (1992) Black People Who Made the Old West. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press
Leckie, W. (1967) The Buffalo Soldiers. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Pelz, R. (1989) Black Heroes of the Wild West. Seattle: Open Hand Publishers.
Ravage, J. (1997) Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience.. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.
Savage, W. (1976) Blacks in the West. Westport: Greenwood Press.

BLACK STATUE OF LIBERTY

Bohlen, C. “Does She Say the Same Things in her Native Tongue?” New York Times, May 18, 1986
Felder, J. (1992) From the Statue of Liberty to the Statue of Bigotry. New York: Jack Felder.
Felder, J. “Black Origins and Lady Liberty.” Daily Challenge. July 16, 1990
Felder, J. “This Miss. Liberty Was Modeled on Racism.” Black American, July 3, 1986.
Robinson, C. & Battle, R. (1987) The Journey of the Songhai People. Philadelphia: Farmer Press
Sinclair, T. Was Original Statue a Tribute to Blacks? New York Voice, July 5, 1986
The New York Post, “Statue of Liberty” June 17, 1986.

LYNCHING

Adams. R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co., Inc.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, B. (ed.) (1977) Lynching and Rape: An Exchange of Views. American Institute for Marxist Studies.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. NY: Citadel Press
Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Davis, M. (1982) Contributions of Black Women to America. Columbia, South Carolina; Kenday Press.
Duster, A. (1970) Crusade for Justice: Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (eds.) (1982) Black Leaders of the 20th Century. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Lerner, G. (ed.) (1973) Black Women in White America. A Documentary History. NY: Vintage Books.
Low, A. & Glift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.
Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

FIVE BLACK PRESIDENTS

Adler, D. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: Father of our Democracy. New York: Holiday House.
Bakhufu, A. (1993) The Six Black Presidents, Washington, D.C.: PIK2 Publications.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New Penguin Books.
Brodie, F. (1974) Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Curtis, J. (1982) Return to These Hills: VT Yrs. of C. Coolidge. Woodstock, VT: Curtis-Lieberman Books.
Dennis, R. (1970) The Black People of America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Erickson, E. (1974) Dimensions of a New Identity: Jefferson Lectures. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Kane, J. (1981) Facts About the Presidents: From Geo. Washington to Ron. Reagan. NY: H. W. Wilson Co.
Mapp, A. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: A Strange Case of Mistaken Identity. New York: Madison Books.
Morrow, E. (1963) Black Man in the White House. New York: Coward-McCann Inc.
Remini, R. (1966) Andrew Jackson. New York: Harper & Row
Reuter, E. (1969) The Mulatto in the United States. Haskell House.
Rogers, J. (1965) Sex and Race. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing
Rogers, J. (1965) The Five Negro Presidents. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Sullivan, M. (1991) Presidential Passions: Love Affairs of Am’s Pres. Wash. Johnson. NY: Shapolsky Pub.
Whitney, T. (1975) The Descendants of the Presidents. Charlotte, NC: Delmar Printing Co.

BLACK INVENTORS

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.
Burt, M. (1989) Black Inventors of America. Portland: National Book Co.
Diggs, L. (1975) Black Innovations. Chicago: Institute of Positive Education.
Haber, L. (1970) Black Pioneers of Science and Invention. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.
Harris, M. (1964) Black Inventors: the Revolutionary Period. New York: Negro History Associates
Harris, M. (1964) Early American Inventors, 18th and 19th Centuries. New York: Negro History Assocs.
Harris, M. (1974) Granville T. Woods Memorial: Collector’s Edition. New York: Negro History Assocs.
Hayden, R. (1992) 9 African American Inventors. Frederick, Maryland: Twenty-first Century Books.
Klein, A. (1971) Hidden Contributions: Black Scientists & Inventors in Am. NY: Doubleday and Co.
Latimer, L. (1890) Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System NY: D. Van Norstrand Co.
Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Van Sertima, I. (1983) Blacks in Science Ancient and Modern. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

BLACK CADETS

Ambrose, S. (1966) Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
Black, L. & S. (1985) An Officer and a Gentleman: Milit. Car. of Henry O. Flipper. Dayton, OH: Lora Co.
Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
Eppinga, J. (1996) Henry Ossian Flipper. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press.
Flipper, H. (1878) Colored Cadet at W. Point. Autobio. of Lieut. Henry O. Flipper. NY: Homer Lee & Co.
Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Publishing Co.
Glass, E. (1921) History of the Tenth Cavalry. Tucson: Acme Printing Co.
Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.
Harris, T. (ed.) (1963) Negro Frontiersman: Western Memoirs of H. O. Flipper. El Paso, TX West. Col. Pr.
Lanning, M. (1997) Afr.-Am. Soldier From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Gr.
Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.
Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. NY: Free Press.

BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.
Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.
Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.
Lane, A. (1971) Brownsvile Affair: National Crisis and Black Reaction. Port Washington, NY: Nat. Univ. Pubs. Kennikat Press.
Lanning, M. (1997) African-American Soldier from Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing. Gr.
Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink: Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.
Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York; Pathfinder.
Naulty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: Free Press.
Weaver, J. (1970) The Brownsville Raid. New York: W.W. Norton.

BLACK SCIENTISTS

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro Am Publishing Co.
Bendini, S. (1972) The Life of Benjamin Banneker. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Digs, I. (1975) Black Innovations, Chicago: Institute of Positive Education.
Haber, L. (1970) Black Pioneers of Science and Invention. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
Hayden, R. (1992) 11 African American Doctors, Frederick Maryland: Twenty-First Century Books
Hayden, R. (1992) 7 African American Scientists. Frederick, Maryland: Twenty-first Century Books.
Holt, R. (1942) George Washington Carver: An American Biography. New York: Doubleday & Co.
Jay, J. (1971) Negroes in Science: Natural Science doctorates 187601969. Detroit: Balamp Publishing Co.
Klein, A. (1971) The Hidden Contributions: Black Scientists and Inventors in America. NY: Doubleday & Co.
Lewis, C. (1970) Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Van Sertima, I. (1983) Blacks in Science Ancient and Modern. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Winslow, E. (ed.) (1974) Black Americans in Science and Engineering….Chicago: African American Images.

BLACK (NEGRO) WALL STREET

Brown, R. (1975) Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.
Butler, W. (1974) Tulsa 75: A History of Tulsa. Tulsa: Metropolitan Tulsa Chamber of Commerce.
Debo, A. (1982) Tulsa: From Creek Town to Oil Capital. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Ellsworth, S. (1943) Death in a Promised Land: Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge: LA St. Univ. Press.
Franklin, J. (1974) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred Knopf.
Franklin, J. (1980) The Blacks in Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Gates, E. (1997) They Came Searching - How Blacks Sought the Promised Land.. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.
Johnson, H. (1998) Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa’s Historic., Texas: Eakin Press.
Teall, K. (1971) Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City Public Schools.
Waskow, A. (1967) From Race Riot to Sit-In. 1919 and the 1960’s.. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Williams, L. (1972) Anatomy of 4 Race Riots - Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine.. Univ.& Col. Pr. of MS.

MARCUS GARVEY

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America. New York: Penguin Books
Clarke, J. (1974) Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa. New York: Vintage.
Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (eds.) (1982) Black Leaders of the 20th Century. Chicago: University of IL Press.
Garvey, A. (1970) Garvey and Garveyism. New York: Collier Books.
Garvey, A. (ed.) (1967) Philosophy & Opinions of Marcus Garvey or Africa.. London: Frank Cass.
Lewis, R. (1988) Marcus Garvey: Anti-Colonial Champion. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Inc.
Martin, T. (1978) Race First: Ideological & Org. Struggles of Marcus.. Westport, CT. Greenwood Pr.
Martin, T. (1988) Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography. Dover, Massachusetts: The Majority Press.
Nembhard, L. (1978) Trials and Triumphs of Marcus Garvey. Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.
Rogers, J. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Salley, C. (1993) The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African Americans, Past and Present. NY: Carol Pub.

ARTHUR ALFONSO SCHOMBURG

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.
Bontemps, A. (1972) Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd Mead.
Brown, W., (ed.) (2001), Clotel. Modern Library
Cannon, C. (1941) American Book Collectors and Collecting from Colonial Times.. NY: H. W. Wilson Co.
Clarke, J. (ed.) Harlem: A Community in Transition. New York: Citadel Press.
Colon, J. (1961) A Puerto Rican in New York. New York: Mainstream Publishers.
Gubert, B. (1982) Early Black Bibliographies, 1863-1918. New York: R.R. Garland Publishing.
Huggins, N. (1971) Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jabbar, K. A. (1996) Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African Am. Achievement. William Morrow
Josey, E. (ed.) (1970) The Black Librarian in America. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.
Rogers, J. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Salley, C. (1993) The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans Past and Present - NY Carol Pub. Gr.
Sanchez, K. (1983) From Colonial to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans In NYC, 1917-1948. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.
Sinnette, E. (1989) Arthur Alfonso Schomburg: Black Bibliophile & Collector. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.
Smith, J. (1977) Black Academic Libraries and Research Collections …. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.
Thorpe, E. (1971) Black Historians: A Critique. New York: William Morrow.

DR. CARTER WOODSON

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.
Al-Mansour, K. (1993) Betrayal by Any Other Name. San Francisco: The First African Arabian Press.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. New York: Citadel Press.
Aptheker, H. (1968) To Be Free. New York: International Publishers.
Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.
Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neil Schuman Publishers.
McIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery. Queens, NY: Kayode Publications
Sally C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
Wiltse, C (ed.) (1965) David Walker’s Appeal. New York: Hill & Wang.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

BLACKS IN THE MILITARY

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.
Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.
Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.
Langley, H. (1967) Social Reforms in the United States Navy: 1798-1862. Urbana, IL: University of IL Press.
Lanning, M. (1997) African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Gr.
Moebs. T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink. Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.
Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.
Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. NY: Free Press.
Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.
Wilson, J. (1977) The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldier.. New York Arno Press.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

WWII ATROCITIES

Allen, R. (1993) The Port Chicago Mutiny. New York: Amistad Press Inc.
Buchanan, A. (1972) Black Americans in World War II. Santa Barbara, CA.
Case, C. (1998) The Slaughter: An American Atrocity. Mississippi: FBC Inc.
Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.
Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.
Lanning, M. (1997) The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Gr.
Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink….Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.
Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.
Nalty, B (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: Free Press
Pearson, R. (1964) No Share of Glory. Pacific Palisades, CA.
Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States, New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

BLACK NATIONALISM

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.
Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.
Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (1991) Historical and Cultural Atlas of African Americans NY: Macmillan Pub. Co.
Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.
Bennett. L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.
Delany, M. R. (ed.) (1996) The Condition, Elevation, Emigration.. Black Classic Press; Reprint edition
Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (ed.) (1982) Black Leaders of the 20th Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, New York: Alfred A Knopf.
Griffith, C. (1975) The African Dream: Martin R. Delany and the Emergence of Pan-African Thought.
University Park: Pennsylvania State University.
Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: Univ. of IL Press.
Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.
Moses, W. (1988) The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925. New York: Oxford University Press.
Moses. W. (ed.) (1996) Classical Black Nationalism: From Am. Rev. to Mar. Garvey. NY: NY Univ. Press.
Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100, New York: Carol Publishing Group.