Two Popes Praying To The Black Madonna

Today, two popes of the Catholic Church, living at the same time in Rome, were praying to a Black Madonna in the Vatican, together, before the press. Times have changed but the reality remains the same. There is a historic power in praying to THE BLACK MADONNA too.

The image below is stock of the room where the historic prayer session happened, forgiveness and truth in action.  

The dynamic author Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian, Humanitarian and Honorary Nigerian Chief, in his powerful book BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY, tells the truth-story in the chapter "After Christ' he has an image of this statue of Saint Peter that stands at the Vatican too. 

BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY, tells the truth-story about the Black Madonna in the chapter "After Christ" pg 56-58 .pdf and paperback:   

THE BLACK MADONNA

Isis was a Black African goddess of Nile Valley civilizations whose worship eventually diffused to most of the ancient world. Isis was worshiped by the Nubians well over 300 years before the first Egyptian dynasty.  The Egyptians then gave the Isis religion to Greece, Rome, and western Asia. Gerald Massey says that the religious records of all the world’s religions including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity are nothing more than copies of the religious records of the Black goddess Isis, her son Horus, and her husband Osiris. For example, Horus was the first child born from a virgin mother's immaculate conception, and he was said to have walked on water just as Jesus later did. The Black goddess Isis is also credited with resurrecting Osiris after he was murdered.

The first "Black Madonna and Child" statutes and portraits were of Isis and Horus, and these were taken throughout the world by the Roman Empire. When other religions became more popular, these statues were not destroyed, but simply had their names changed. In India, Isis and Horus became Maya and Buddha in Buddhism or Devaki and Krishna in Hinduism. The Chinese called Isis Kwa-yin, and the Japanese changed the name to Kwannon.

In his 1985 book entitled "The Cult of the Black Virgin", Ean Begg was able to identify over 450 images of a Black virgin and child in Europe with over 190 statutes in France alone. J. A. Rogers says that Paris was actually named for Isis because Para-Isis means "Place of Isis." He also says that Note Dame means "Our Lady" and that the cathedral is nothing more than an enlargement of the original Isis temple.

Millions of pilgrims visit the Black Madonna shrines annually because they are believed to possess magical powers, although the statues are now called Mary and Jesus. It is believed that only the Black statues are magical and all pilgrimages stopped whenever the statues were painted white. The Black Madonnas have been credited with healing towns of plagues, bringing dead babies to life, making infertile women pregnant, and saving nations during wars. Many crutches have been left at the feet of the Black Madonnas, who presumably gave their owners the power to walk. One of the most devoted pilgrims of the Black Madonna shrine in Poland was Pope John Paul II. He prayed to her image while recovering from his gun shot wound. She is credited with thousands of documented miracles including saving Poland from Russia in 1769. In 1968 alone, the Black Madonna shrine in Poland received over 66,000 thank you letters for healing and other miracles. Pilgrims frequently leave gold watches and rings at the feet of the Black Madonnas in appreciation.

Church literature absolutely refuses to acknowledge any association of Black Madonnas with Africa. Church officials claim that the Madonnas are Black because of smoke from candles and from dirt and old age. Church officials would never admit that the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans made pilgrimages until 536 A.D. to the Isis temple at Philae, Egypt to seek the same miracles that current pilgrims seek from the Black Madonna shrines. Isis was recognized as a supreme miracle and magic worker and is also credited with teaching mankind the art of curing disease. Isis was able to restore life to the dead as she did with her husband Osiris and later with the infant Horus, who was brought back to life after he was killed by a scorpion's sting. Isis was the goddess of corn and grain, water and navigation, and even clothing. She was also called a divine granter of salvation for souls of mankind. The ancient Black Egyptians acknowledged Isis as the source of all their prosperity, including the Nile River.

Isis worship was so strong in Europe that Roman citizens ignored Emperors Augustus and Tuberous, who outlawed Isis worship and persecuted her priests. Emperor Caligulia finally bowed to public pressure and re-established the Isis worship. Emperor Justinian caused an unsuccessful armed insurrection in 536 A.D., when he ordered all Isis temples permanently closed.

Religion in general (and the cult of the Black Virgin Madonna in specific) is yet another example of the many elements of civilization and civilizing ideas which were brought from Africa into Europe.

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THE BLACK MADONNA BIBLIOGRAPHY

Begg, E. (1985) The Cult of the Black Virgin. New York: Penguin Books.
Budge, E. (1969) The Gods of the Egyptians. New York: Dover.
Doane, T. W. (1882) Bible Myths. New York: Truth Seeker Co.
Grabar, A. (1968) Christian Iconography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jameson, M. (1876) Legends of the Madonna. Boston: Osgood and Co.
MacQuitty, W. (1976) Island of Isis. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Morey, C.R. (1958) Christian Art. New York: Norton.
Patrick R. (1972) Egyptian Mythology. London: Octopus Books.
Rogers, J. A. (1967) Sex and Race. New York: Helga Rogers Publishing
Snowden, F. (1970) Blacks in Antiquity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Van Der Merr, F. (1967) Early Christian Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1984) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Witt, R. (1971) Isis in the Graeco-Roman World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell.

Black Popes

MSNBC said there has never been a Black Pope. That's not true according to the dynamic research done by Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian, Humanitarian and Honorary Nigerian Chief, reported in his book BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY!

Black St. Peter in the Vatican

Black Roman Africans made significant contributions to the growth of Christianity and the development of the Roman Catholic faith. The three greatest scholars and founding theologians of Christianity were all Roman Africans including Tetulian, Cyperian, and St. Augustine. However, the greatest contribution was probably made by the three Black popes who were Pope Victor I, Pope Miltiades, and Pope Galasius I.

Pope Victor I was the 14^th pope and served from 189 A.D. - 199 A.D. In 189 A.D., the date of Easter was a matter of great controversy. In Asia, Easter was celebrated on the 14^th day after the full moon, which meant that some Christians were celebrating lent while others were celebrating resurrection. Pope Victor I declared that Easter would only be celebrated on Sunday and that he would excommunicate all of the Christians of Asia if they failed to abide by his ruling. Easter has been on Sunday ever since. Under the influence of the Black theologian Tetulian, the Black Pope Victor I also declared that Latin would replace Greek as the official language of the Roman church. Both Victor and Tetulian only wrote in Latin thereafter. Pope Victor at the same time that Black Romans controlled the world religiously with Victor and Tetulian, the Black Romans gained control of the world politically and militarily in 193 A.D., when the Black Roman African Septimius Severus became the Roman Emperor. He remembered his roots by making large donations to the urban poor and employing them in extensive building campaigns. The month of September was named after Septimius Severus who was seceded as emperor of the Roman Empire by his Black son Caracalla from 211 A.D. until 217 A.D.

The second Black pope was Pope Miltiades who served from 311 A.D. until 314 A.D. as our 32^nd pope. All Christians were persecuted when Miltiades took office until he obtained an edict of toleration signed by Emperor Galerius, which put an end to the great persecutions and allowed the Christians to come out of their catacombs. Pope Miltiades also convinced Emperor Maxentius to return all church buildings and possessions, which had been confiscated during the persecutions. It was also during the reign of Pope Miltiades that the Emperor Constantine was converted to Christianity after he saw the cross in a vision.

Constantine's army marched into Rome in 312 A.D. and overthrew the tyrant Maxentius. He subsequently made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Miltiades was made a saint with his feast celebrated on December 10th. The Black Roman theologian St. Augustine called Pope Miltiades "an excellent pontiff, a true son of peace, and father of Christians."

The third Black pope was Galasius I, our 49^th pope, who took office 492 A.D. (exactly 1,000 years before America was so-called "discovered"). He is described by his contemporaries as "famous all over the world for his learning and holiness." Galasius I was devoted to uplifting the poor and weak and commanded his bishops to donate 25% of their revenue to charity, stressing that "nothing is more becoming to the priestly office than the protection of the poor and the weak."

Pope Galasius I is also credited with ending the pagan ritual of Lupercalia in which young men would dress in skins and strike any woman they met with a whip, which was supposed to confer fertility and to chase away bad luck. He replaced Lupercalia with the "feast of the purification of the blessed virgin" now called "Candlemas". Galasius I is most famous for his firm letter to Emperor Anastasius about the need for independence of church and state. He told the emperor that the world is governed by two great powers: that of the popes and that of kings; but the authority of the popes is so much greater because on judgment day, popes will have to render an account to God for the soul of kings. As were the other two African popes, Galasius I was also made a saint and his feast day is held on November 21st.

Contrary to the belief of those who call Christianity a White man's religion, Christianity was founded with the genius of three Black theologians, and further developed and propelled by devoted contributions from three Black Roman African popes.

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BLACK POPES BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brusher, J. (1959) Popes Through the Ages. Princeton.
Holtzclaw, R. (1980) The Saints Go Marching In. Keeble Press Inc.
Khamit-Kush, I. (1983) What They Never Told You in History Class. Bronx, NY: Luxorr Publications.
Loomis, L. R. (1916) Book of the Popes, New York.
Ottley, R. (1952) No Green Pastures, London: John Murray
Scobie, E. (1994) Global Afrikan Presence. New York: A & B Books Publishers.
Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1993) African Presence in Early Europe. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 

Tulsa Planes - Black Wall Street - Black People

The text from the above slide show is the book written by the dynamic eye surgeon, Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian, Humanitarian and honorary Nigerian Chief from the chapter Black Wall Street.

Dr. Vaughn is a student and teacher of Black history to all with the wisdom to listen. Art work by artist and inventor Sherwood Akuna.

BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY

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Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA article in Morningside Park Chronicle

Dr. LeRoy Vaughn, MD, MBA

The link below is to a really great article on  Dr. Leroy Vaughn, MD, MBA, Historian and Honorary Nigerian African Chief.  The latter title he earned for raising the funds to transport his staff to Africa to do free eye surgeries in Nigeria for people who needed them.  He is a most extraordinary man, and his staff have proven to be equally noble.

California's Dr. Vaughn is also an evolutionary Black History speaker and historian since the 1960's who wrote the book BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY.  This breathtaking book covers the subject from ancient times to the late 20th Century.

From The Morningside Park Chronicle 

"Inglewood is home to one of the most renowned ophthalmologists and Black historians. Until now, many people may not have been aware of his presence. Dr. Leroy William Vaughn practices eye care at 323 North Prairie Ave, Suite 217 in Inglewood 90301. He is a diabetic eye specialist and well known for his work regarding glaucoma too. He has received many awards over the years, one of which was from former President Bill Clinton thanking him for his service to patients.

Dr. Vaughn has acquired many titles over the years: doctor, historian and African Chief. He received a Bachelors of Science degree at Morehouse College in Atlanta, GA, before going on to acquire a medical degree at Wayne State University in Detroit, MI. He interned at North Carolina Memorial Hospital and never ceased to slow in his practices once he started. So how did Dr. Vaughn become such a dynamic person?

A part of this story started in the 1990s. He was recognized in the field of history for his 2002 book, Black People And Their Place In World History. He has been studying black history since the 1960s and is very knowledgeable in black people’s true place in history." 

Click here to finish reading the article.  

To get your copy of Dr Vaughn's amazing Black history book that covers from ancient times to the mid 20th century titled BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY visit Amazon for a paperback, Lulu for a $10 .pdf ebook edition.  Lulu also has a beautiful collector's quality hard copy edition.  

Foreward By Brad Pye, Jr. Black People..., Vaughn

From the book that is causing change in people's lives, BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY, by Dr. Leroy Vaughn, Foreward by Brad Pye, Jr.

"Leroy William Vaughn M.D., M.B.A. is not only one of the world’s renowned ophthalmologists, but also one of the leading authorities on Black history.  Basketball is Michael Jordan’s game.  Black history and ophthalmology are Dr. Vaughn’s games.  Dr. Vaughn’s medical credentials and expertise as a diabetic eye specialist and as a remarkable surgeon make him one of the leading practitioners in his field.  His knowledge as an historian is equally as outstanding.

 Dr. Leroy Vaughn

MD, MBA, Historian, Humanitarian

Honorary Nigerian, African Chief

Dr. Vaughn’s patients swear by him for his medical skills.  Historians marvel at him because of his talents as a researcher and writer on the subject of Black history.  As a lecturer, he’s one of the most in-demand speakers in the nation.  Like magic, Dr. Vaughn can rattle off facts on Black history like an orator recites a speech he has practiced on delivering for days.  When it comes to reciting the roles Black people have played in world history, Dr. Vaughn has dazzled some of the most learned minds in America.

Confirmation of this fact can be found on the pages of this in-depth study on the subject.  For instance, did you know that a Black man with only a sixth grade education named Garrett Morgan invented the first traffic signal, the gas mask, and marketed the G. A. Morgan Refining Cream, which was the first hair straightening product?  Did you know that Garrett Morgan made so much money from his hair cream that he was able to purchase an automobile? In fact, traffic congestion while driving his new car was motivation for Morgan’s traffic signal invention.

Did you know that in 1721 an African slave named Onesimus taught his “master” the age-old African technique for smallpox inoculation in which a pustule from an infected person was ruptured with a thorn and then used to puncture the skin of a normal person?  Did anyone ever tell you that the original Haitians were called the Arawaks or Tainos before Christopher Columbus and that they were very generous and could swim long distances?  Did you know that George Franklin Grant, a Black man, invented the golf tee in 1898 and patented it a year later?  Grant, one of the first two African American graduates of the Harvard Dental School, took a liking to golf.  He invented the golf tee because he didn’t like the way golfers had to mix dirt and water to make a mud mound for teeing off.  Did anyone ever tell you that a Black man named John Lee Love invented the Love Pencil Sharpener in 1897, the kind most first-graders take to school today?

Did anyone ever tell you that Dr. Charles Richard Drew was the discoverer of successful blood plasma storage techniques that made blood banks possible?  In 1941, the American Red Cross appointed Dr. Drew as the director of its first blood bank.  Did anyone ever tell you that the collective contributions of Black Americans to science is so extensive that it is not possible to live a full day in any part of the United States, or the world for that matter, without sharing in the benefits of their contributions in such fields as: biology, chemistry, physics, space and nuclear science?  Well, if you didn’t know these things, then keep on reading, and Dr. Vaughn will tell you about these and hundreds of other facts about Black history.

Other inventions patented by African Americans include the folding lawn chair, the doorstop, the ironing board with collapsible legs, and the bottle cap.  In fact, there’s a long list of inventions made by Blacks during an age dominated by Whites.  If Michael Jordan, Magic Johnson, Shaquille O’Neal, Kobe Bryant, and Elgin Baylor had been born in the 18^th or 19^th century, we would never have known their names because of the concerted effort not to acknowledge the accomplishments of Black people.

Dr. Vaughn didn’t just decide to write a book on Black history.  This has been his passion and his life’s mission!  Academically, Dr. Vaughn has the knowledge and the talents to make his life’s work a reality on the pages of this book.  Dr. Vaughn was rooted and grounded in Black history as a student at Morehouse College in Atlanta, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree and graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1969 after a two-year premedical study tour at the University of Vienna in Austria.  In addition to Dr. Vaughn, Morehouse College has produced some of the most prominent and learned scholars in the world including Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., U.S. Surgeon General Dr.David Satcher, and Dr. Charles Finch.  Dr. Benjamin Mays, one of the world’s most noted educators and a mentor to Dr. King, was president of Morehouse College from 1950 until 1967, and set an extremely high standard for all Morehouse graduates.

Medically speaking, Dr. Vaughn is tops in his field.  He received his medical degree from Wayne State University in Detroit, where he also received the Franklin C. McClain Award in 1972 as the most outstanding Black medical student in the nation.  He interned at the Department of Medicine in Chapel Hill, NC, and completed his ophthalmology fellowship and research training at Harvard University’s Massachusetts Eye and Ear Hospital in 1979.  Dr. Vaughn was certified as a Diplomat of the American Board of Ophthalmology in 1978 after scoring in the top three percentile nationally on the written examination.  Moreover, he was named as an Associate Examiner for the American Board of Ophthalmology’s oral examinations in 1984.

In addition to a brilliant scholar, Dr. Vaughn is also a community leader.  For giving his time and his talents to the community, he was honored by the late Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, L.A. County Supervisor Kenneth Hahn, the State of California, and the Aesculapian Honorary Society et al.

Dr. Vaughn’s book should not only be required reading for Blacks, but for all people.  Most of society still believes what historian Arnold Toynbee wrote in his 1934 history book: “It will be seen that when we classify mankind by color, the only primary race that has not made a creative contribution to any civilization is the Black race.”  Dr. Vaughn sets the record straight on this lie and on so many other untruths about Black history.

Vernon E. Jordan better known as a civil rights fighter, businessman, lawyer, and “first friend” of President Bill Clinton vividly illustrates the essence of Dr. Vaughn’s book when he wrote in his book entitled “Vernon Can Read! A Memoir:” “Black people have done wonderful things for this country (saved its soul, in fact), and we have been an example to the world in the process.  That should never be forgotten, even as we continue to press ahead, in our many and varied ways, toward our future.  If we did so much when we had so little, think of what we can do now that we have so much more.”

Covered in Dr. Vaughn’s book are the Ancient Period, AfterChrist, After 1492 (Columbus), After 1776 (Independence), After 1865 (slavery), and After 1900 (20^th Century).  If you really want to know about “Black People and Their Place in World History” then you should rush out and obtain a copy of Dr. Vaughn’s masterpiece before the sun goes down."

Brad Pye, Jr.

Formerly (for thirty years): Los Angeles Sentinel Newspaper’s Sports Editor, Sports Director for KGFJ, KACE, KJLH, and KDAY radio stations.

Currently Brad Pye, Jr. is sports columnist for the following publications: Los Angeles Watts Times, Compton Bulletin, InglewoodToday and Inland News.

Bibliography below.

BLACK PEOPLE AND THEIR PLACE IN WORLD HISTORY

WHO CREATED CIVILIZATION

Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. (1970) African Origins of the Major Western Religion, Baltimore Black Classic Press

Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. (1988) Africa: Mother of Western Civilization. Baltimore, MD

Browder, A. (1992) Nile Valley Contributions to Civilization. Wash., D.C.: Institute of Karmic Guidance.

Budge, E. A. (1967) The Egyptian Book of the Dead, New York: Dover Publications

Diop, C.A. (1981) The African Origin of Civilization.: Myth or Reality. Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill and Company.

Finch, C. (1990) The African Background to Medical Science. London, U.K. Billing and Sons Ltd.

Finch. C. (1991) Echoes of the Old Darkland, Decatur, Georgia; Khenti, Inc.

Haldeman, H. (1994) The Halderman Diaries: Inside the Nixon White House, NY: Berkley Pub. Group.

James, G. (1954) Stolen Legacy. San Francisco: Julian Richardson.

Khamit-Kush, I. (1983) What They Never Told You In History Class. Bronx, NY: Luxorr Publications.

Massey, G. (1970) Ancient Egypt; New York: Samuel Weiser.

Massey, G. (1983) Natural Genesis: London: Williams and Northgate.

Rogers, J. (1991) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg,Florida: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Blacks in Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books.

HATSHEPSUT

Breasted, J. (1937) A History of Egypt. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Cottrell, L. (1961) The Lost Pharaohs, New York: The University Library

Diop, CA (1978) The Cultural Unity of Black Africa: Chicago: Third World Press.

Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press

Montet, P. (1964) Eternal Egypt. New York: The New American Library

Murnana, W. (1977) Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Chicago: Oriental Inst. of the University of Chicago.

Murray, M. (1963) The Splendor That Was Egypt. New York: Hawthorne Books

Redford, D. (1967) History & Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. Toronto. Univ. of Toronto Press

Rogers, J. A. (1946) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Collier Books.

Romer, J. (1981) Valley of the Kings, New York: William Morrow and Co.

Sewell, B. (1968) Egypt Under the Pharaohs. New York: G. P Putnam’s Sons.

Sweetman, D. (1984) Women Leaders in African History. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1988) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, New Jersey; Transaction Publishers.

Wells, E. (1969) Hatshepsut. New York: Doubleday and Co.

Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press

BLACK EGYPTIANS

Bernal, M. (1987) Black Athena. London: Free Association Books

Diop, C.A. (1978) The Cultural Unity of Black Africa.Chicago: Third World Press

Diop, C.A. (1981) The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. Westport CT: Lawrence Hill & Co.

Diop, C.A. (1981) “Origin of the Ancient Egyptians” in Mokhtar, G. (ed.) Gen. History of Africa. Univ. of CA Pr.

Diop, C.A. (1991) Civilization or Barbarism. Westport Connecticut: Lawrence Hill and Co.

Greenburg, J. H. (1963) The Languages of Africa.Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Press.

Herodotus. (1983) The Histories. Middlesex, U.K.: Penguin Books

James, G. (1954) Stolen Legacy, San Francisco: Julian Richardson

Massey, G. (1970) Ancient Egypt. New York: Samuel Weiser

Massey, G. (1983) Natural Genesis. London Williams and Norgate.

St. Clair, D. (1987) Black Folk Here and There, Los Angeles; UCLA.

Van Sertima, I. (ed. (1986) Great African Thinkers, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1989) Egypt Revisited. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

ANCIENT BLACK NUBIANS IN AMERICA

Dee Roo, P. (1900) History of America Before Columbus.Philadelphia: J.P. Lippincott.

Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ:Africa World Press.

Irwin, C. (1963) Fair Gods, and Stone Faces. New York: St. Martin’s Press

Jairazbhoy, R. A. (1974) Ancient Egyptians and Chinese In America. New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield.

Jairazbhoy, R. A. (1992) Rameses III: Father of Ancient America. Chicago: Frontline International.

Nettleford, R. & Hyatt, V. (eds.)(1995) Race, Discourse & Origin of the Americas. Wash., D. C. Smith. Inst. Pr.

Peterson, F. (1959) Ancient Mexico. New York: Putnam and Sons.

Van Sertima, I. (1977) They Came Before Columbus. New York: Random House.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1992) African Presence In Early America. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Von Wuthenau, A. (1975) Unexpected Faces in Ancient America. New York: Crown Publishers.

Von Wuthennau, A. (1969) Art of Terracotta Pottery in Pre-Columbian South & Central Am. NY: Crown.

Wiener, L. (1922) Africa and the Discovery of America. Philadelphia: Innes and Sons.

BLACK MULTI-GENIUSES

Stetter, C. (1993) Secret Medicine of the Pharaohs. Carol Streams, Illinois: Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1986) Great African Thinkers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.

Diop, C.A. (1978) The Cultural Unity of Black Africa. Chicago: Third World Press

Diop, C.A. (1981) The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality. Westport CT: Lawrence Hill Co.

Diop, C.A. (1991 Civilization or Barbarism. Westport Connecticut: Lawrence Hill and Co.

Diop, C.A. Origin of the Ancient Egyptians in Mokhtar, Gen. History of Africa. Berkeley: Univ. of CA Pr.

Finch. C. (1990) African Background to Medical Science. London, U.K.: Billing and sons Ltd., Worcester.

Hayden, R. (1992) 7 African American Scientists. Frederick, Maryland: Twenty-First Century Books.

Hurry, J. (1987) Imhotep: The Egyptian God of Medicine. Chicago: Ares Publishers Inc.

Rogers, J. A. (1946) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Collier Books.

Rogers, J. A. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg,Florida: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) )1991) Blacks In Science, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

HANNIBAL AFRICAN MILITARY GENIUS

Arnold, T. (1886) The Second Punic War. London: Macmillan and Co.

Baker, G. (1929) Hannibal. New York: Dodd Meade.

Cottrell, L. (1988) Hannibal: Enemy of Rome. New York: Da Capo Press, Inc.

De Beer, G. (1959) Alps and Elephants: Hannibal’s March.New York: Dutton.

DeGraft-Johnson, J.C. (1954) African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.

Gilbert, C. (1968) Life and Death of Carthage. New York: Tapinger.

Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press.

Jackson, J. G. (1970) Introduction to African Civilizations. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Lamb, H. (1958) Hannibal: One Man Against Rome. New York: Doubleday.

Law, W. (1866) The Alps of Hannibal. London: Macmillan and Co.

Liddell, H. (1926) Greater Than Napoleon - Scipio Africanus. London: William Blackwood and Sons.

Rogers, J. A. (1946) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Collier Books

Van Sertima, I (ed.) (1986) Great African Thinkers. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.

WHO ARE THE DOGON

Charroux, R. (1972) The Mysterious Unknown. London: Neville Spearman

Finch, C. (1998) The Star of Deep Beginnings. Decatur, Georgia: Khenti, Inc.

Ford, D. (1954) African Worlds. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.

Griaule, M., Dieterlen, G. (1986) The Pale Fox. Afrikan World Book Distributor

Hawking, S. (1990) A Brief History of Time, New York: Bantam Books

Michanowsky, G. (1977) The Once and Future Star. New York: Hawthorn.

Rawlinson, G. (1885) Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World. New York: John B. Alden.

Smoot, G. & Davidson, K. (1993) Wrinkles in Time, New York: Avon Books.

Temple, R. (1976) The Sirius Mysteries. New York: St. Martins Press, Inc.

Tompkins, P. (1978) Secrets of the Great Pyramid. New York: Harper Colophon Edition.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Blacks in Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books.

Wolf, F. (1988) Parallel Universes. New York: Simon and Shuster.

GREAT AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS

Brooks, L. (1971) African Achievements. Stamford, CT: De Gustibus Press.

Chu, D. & Skinner, E. (1990) A Glorious Age In Africa: Story of 3 Great African Empires. Trenton, NJ

Davidson, B. (1959) The Lost Cities of Africa. Boston: Little-Brown.

Davidson, B. (1964) The African Past. Boston: Little-Brown.

Davidson, B. (1965) A History of West Africa. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday.

DeGraft-Johnson, J.C. (1954) African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.

Dobbler, L. & Brown, W. (1965) Great Rulers of the African Past. New York: Doubleday.

Drachler, J. African Heritage. New York: Collier Books.

Hyman. M. 1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

Jackson, J. (1990) Introduction to African Civilization. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Motley, M. (1969) Africa: Its Empires, Nations, and People. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Robinson, C., Battle, R., & Robinson, E. (1987) Journey of the Songhai People. Philadelphia: Farmer Press.

Rogers, J. A. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Macmillian Publishing Co.

Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization, Chicago: Third World Press.

THE MOORS

Bennett, N. (1975) Africa and Europe. New York: Africana Publishing Co.

Bovill, E. (1970) The Golden Trade of the Moors. London: Oxford University Press.

Davidson, B. (1971) Discovering Our African Heritage.Boston: Ginn & Co.

DeGraft-Johnson, J.C. (1954) African Glory. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.

Jackson, J. (1990) Introduction to African Civilization. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Lane-Poole, S. (1990) The Story of the Moors in Spain. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.

Rogers, J. A. (1968) Sex and Race. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Rogers, J. A. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Scobie, E. (1994) Global African Presence, New York: A & B Books Publishers.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Moorish Conquest of Europe.New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Williams, C. (1976) The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press.

Windsor, R. (1969) From Babylon to Timbuktu. New York: Exposition Press.

Woodson, C. (1939) African Heroes and Heroines. Washington, EC: Associated Publishers.

BLACK POPES

Brusher, J. (1959) Popes Through the Ages. Princeton.

Holtzclaw, R. (1980) The Saints Go Marching In. Keeble Press Inc.

Khamit-Kush, I. (1983) What They Never Told You in History Class. Bronx, NY: Luxorr Publications.

Loomis, L. R. (1916) Book of the Popes, New York.

Ottley, R. (1952) No Green Pastures, London: John Murray

Scobie, E. (1994) Global Afrikan Presence. New York: A & B Books Publishers.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1993) African Presence in Early Europe. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 

AFRICAN MEDICINE

Brothwell, D. & Sandison, A. (eds.) (1967) Disease In Antiquity. Springfield, MA: Charles C. Thomas.

Bryant, A. (1966) Zulu Medicine and Medicine-Men, Cape Town: C. Struik.

Finch, C. (1992) Africa and the Birth of Science and Technology. Decatur, FA: Khenti Inc.

Finch, C., (1990) The African Background to Medical Science. London, UK: Billing and Sons Ltd.

Harley, G. (1970) Native African Medicine. London: Frank Cass.

Imperato, P. (1979) African Folk Medicine. Baltimore, York Press.

Johnston, H. (1902) The Uganda Protectorate. London: Hutchison and Co.

Osler, W. (1982) The Evolution of Modern Medicine. Birmingham: The Classics of Medicine Library.

Pankhurst, R. (1990) The Medical History of Ethiopia. Trenton, New Jersey.

Rogers, J. (1991) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg,Florida: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Sofowara, A. (1982) Medicinal Plants & Traditional Medicine in Africa. NY: John Wiley and Sons Limited.

Stetter, C. (1993) The Secret Medicine of the Pharaohs, Trenton, New Jersey: Red Sea Press.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1991) Blacks in Science. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Brooks.

Zaslavsky, C. (1973) Africa Counts. Westport: Lawrence Hill & Co.

THE BLACK MADONNA

Begg, E. (1985) The Cult of the Black Virgin. New York: Penguin Books.

Budge, E. (1969) The Gods of the Egyptians. New York: Dover.

Doane, T. W. (1882) Bible Myths. New York: Truth Seeker Co.

Grabar, A. (1968) Christian Iconography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Jameson, M. (1876) Legends of the Madonna. Boston: Osgood and Co.

MacQuitty, W. (1976) Island of Isis. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Morey, C.R. (1958) Christian Art. New York: Norton.

Patrick R. (1972) Egyptian Mythology. London: Octopus Books.

Rogers, J. A. (1967) Sex and Race. New York: Helga Rogers Publishing

Snowden, F. (1970) Blacks in Antiquity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Van Der Merr, F. (1967) Early Christian Art. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Van Sertima, I. (ed.) (1984) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Witt, R. (1971) Isis in the Graeco-Roman World. Ithaca, NY: Cornell.

CHRISTMAS PAGANISM

Anyike, J. (1994) Historical Christianity African Centered. Chicago: Winston-Derek Publishers Group Inc.

Barashango, I. (1983) African People & European Holidays. Silver Spr., MD: 4th Dyn. Pub.Co.

Ben-Jochannan, Y. A. (1970 African Origins of the Major Western Religions. Balt., MD: Black Classic Press.

Churchward, A. The Origin and Evolution of Religion. Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing Co.

Conzelmann. H. (1973) History of Primitive Christianity. New York: Abingdon Press.

Doane, T. W. (1882) Bible Myths. New York: Truth Seeker Co.

Graham, L. (1975) Deceptions and Myths of the Bible. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Graves, K. (1991) The World’s Sixteen Crucified Saviors. New York: The Cleage Group.

Higgins, G. (1927) Anacalypsis. New Hyde Park, NY: University Books Inc.

Jackson, J. G. (1972) Man, God and Civilization. New York: University Books, Inc.

Massey, G. (1992) The Historical Jesus and the Mythical Christ. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books Publishing.

Shabazz, I. A. (1990) Symbolism, Holidays, Myths and Signs.Jersey City: New Mind Productions

Tardo, R. K. The Shocking Truth About Christmas. Arabi,Louisiana: Faithful World Publications.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Blant, J. M. (1992) 1492: Debate on Colonialism, Eurocenterism & Hist. Trenton, NJ: African World Press

Bradley, M. (1992) The Columbus Conspiracy. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.

Carew, J. (1988) Fulcrums of Change. Trenton, NJ: African World Press.

Carew, J. (1994) Rape of Paradise. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books

Cohen, J. M. (ed.) (1976) Native Population of the Americas in 1492. Madison: University of Wisc. Press.

Konig, H. (1991) Columbus: His Enterprise, Exploding the Myth. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Mahtown, P. (1992) Columbus: Sinking the Myth. New York: World View Forum.

Nash, G. (1970) Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Williams, E. (1970) From Columbus to Castro. New York: Vintage Books.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial.

BLACK INDIANS

Albers, J. (1975) Interaction of Color. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Amos, A. & Senter, T. (eds.) 1996) The Black Seminoles. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Bailey, L. (1966) Indian Slave Trade in the Southwest, Los Angeles: Westernlore.

Bemrose, J. (1966) Reminiscences of the Second Seminole War. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Boxer, F. (1963) Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire 1415-1825. Oxford: Claredon Press.

Browser, F. (1974) The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Cohen, D. & Greene, J. (eds.) Neither Slave nor Free.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins.

Covington, J. (1982) Billy Bowlegs War: The Final Stand of the Seminoles.. Cluluota, FL. Mickler House.

Craven, W. (1971) White, Red, & Black: The 17th Cent. Virginian. Charlottesville: Univ. of Virginia Press.

Forbes, J. (1964) The Indian in America’s Past. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Forbes, J. (1993) Africans and Native Americans. Chicago: University of Illinois.

Katz, Loren (1986) Black Indians. New York Macmillan Publishing Co.

Nash, G. (1970) Red, White, and Black: The People of Early America. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

LORD DUNMORE’S ETHIOPIAN REGIMENT

Aptheker, H. (1940) The Negro in the American Revolution.New York.

Armstrong, M. (1948) The Great Awakening in Nova Scotia, 1766-1809. Hartford.

Banton, M. (1957) West African City: A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown. London.

Beck, M. (1957) The Government of Nova Scotia. Toronto.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York.

Butt-Thompson, F. (1926) Sierra Leone in History and Tradition. London.

Clairmont, D. (1970) Nova Scotian Blacks: An Historical and Structural Overview. Halifax.

Clendenen, C. & Duigan, P. (1964) Americans in Black Africa up to 1865. Stanford.

Crooks, J. (1903) A History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, West Africa. Dublin.

Davis, D. (1966) The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture. New York.

Elkins, S. (1959) Slavery: A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. New York.

Franklin, J. (1969) From Slavery to Freedom. New York.

Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America, St. Petersburg, FL.

Walker, J. (1992) The Black Loyalists. Toronto.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS VS BELGIUM KING LEOPOLD II

Anstey, R. (1966) King Leopold’s Legacy: Congo Under Belgian Rule 1908-1960. London: Oxford Univ. Pr.

Bauer, L. (1935) Leopold the Unloved: King of the Belgians and of Wealth. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co.

Blant, J. M. (1992) 1492: Debate on Colonialism, Eurocenterism and Hist. Trenton, NJ: African World Pr.

Bradley, M. (1992) The Columbus Conspiracy. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.

Carew, J. (1994) Rape of Paradise. Brooklyn, NY: A & B Books.

Cohen, J. M. (ed.) (1969) Christopher Columbus: The Four Voyages. London: Penguin Books.

De Las Casas, B. (1971) History of the Indies. New York: Harper and Row.

Emerson, B. (1979) Leopold II of the Belgiums: King of Colonialism. London: Weidenfield and Nicolson.

Fetter, B. (1983) Colonial Rule and Regional Imbalance in Central Africa. Boulder, Co: Westview Press.

Gann, L. & Duignan, P. (1979) Rulers of Belgium Africa 1884 - 1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Hochschild, A. (1998) King Leopold’s Ghost. New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.

BLACKS AND THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

Aptheker, H. (1974) Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.

Bailyn, B. & Garrett, N. (eds.) (1965) Pamphlets of the Am. Revolution. Cambridge: Harvard University Pr.

Becker C. (1958) Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas. NY: Random House.

Degler, C. (1970) Out of Our Past. New York: Harper and Row.

Hill, C. (1964) Puritanism and Revolution. New York: Schocken.

Kurtz, S. & Hutson, J. (eds.) Essays on the American Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of NC

Lynd, S. (1967) Class Conflict, Slavery, and the Constitution. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Maier, P. (1972) From Resistance to Revolution.., 1765-1776. New York: Knopf.

Shy, J. (1976) A People Numerous & Armed.. New York: Oxford University Press.

Smith, P. (1976) A New Age Now Begins: A People’s History of the Am. Revolution. NY: McGraw-Hill.

Young, A. (ed.) (1976) The American Revolution…DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Perennial.

AFRICAN WARRIOR QUEEN NZINGA

Hyman, M. (1994) Blacks Before America. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

Jackson, J. (1970) Introduction to African Civilization. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Robinson, C. & Battle, R. (1987) The Journey of the Songhai People. Philadelphia: Farmer Press.

Rogers, J. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Sweetman, D. (1971) Queen Nzinga. London: Longman.

Sweetman, D. (1984) Women Leaders in African History. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann Educational Books.

Van Sertima, I. (1988) Black Women in Antiquity. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Williams, C. (1987) The Destruction of Black Civilization. Chicago: Third World Press.

Woodson, C. (1969) African Heroes and Heroines. Washington, DC: The Associated Publishers Inc.

SLAVE CHILDREN OF THOMAS JEFFERSON

Adler, D. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: Father of Our Democracy. New York: Holiday House.

Bakhufu, A. (1993) The Six Black Presidents. Washington, D.C.: PIK2 Publications.

Bear, J. & Betts, E. (1987) Thomas Jefferson’s Farm Book, University Press of Virginia.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Brodie, F. (1974) Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Erickson, E. (1974) Dimensions of a New Identity: JeffersonLectures. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Jefferson, I. (1951) Memoirs of a Monticello Slave.University of Virginia

Kane, J. (1981) Facts About the Presidents: From Geo. Wash. to Ronald Reagan. NY: H. W. Wilson Co.

Malone, D. (1981) Jefferson and His Times: The Sage ofMonticello. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.

Mapp, A. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: A Strange Case of Mistaken Identity: New York: Madison Books.

Reuter, E. (1969) The Mulatto in the United States. Haskell House.

Sloan, S. (1992) The Slave Children of Thomas Jefferson. Berkeley: The Orsden Press.

Sullivan, M. (1991) Presidential Passions: Love Affairs of Am’s Pres. - Wash. - John. NY: Shapolsky Pub.

Tinsell, C. (1964) The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers.New York: Devin-Adair Co.

PAUL CUFFEE

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.

Al-Mansour, K. (1993) Betrayal by Any Other Name. San Francisco: The First African Arabian Press.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US: NY: Macmillan Pub. Co.

Aptheker, H. (1968) To Be Free. New York: International Publishers

Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (1991) Historical & Cultural Atlas of African Ams. Nzzzzy: Macmillan Pub. Co.

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Karenga, M. (1993) Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles: The University of Sandore Press.

Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the 19th Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.

McIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery. Queens, NY: Kayode Publications.

DAVID WALKER

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.

Al-Mansour, K. (1993) Betrayal by Any Other Name. San Francisco: The First African Arabian Press.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. NY: Citadel Press.

Aptheker, H. (1968) To Be Free. New York: International Publishers.

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press.

Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neil Schuman Publishers.

McIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery. Queens, NY: Kayode

Publications

Sally C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Wiltse, C (ed.) (1965) David Walker’s Appeal. New York: Hill & Wang.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

RICHARD ALLEN AND THE A. M. E. CHURCH

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co., Inc.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana, New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. NY: Citidel Press.

Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (1991) Historical & Cultural Atlas of African Ams. NY: Macmillan Pub. Co.

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

Handy, J. (1902) Scraps of African Methodist Episcopal History. Philadelphia: A. M. E. Book Concern.

Litwack, L. & Meter, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the 19th Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neil Schuman Publishers.

MyIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery.

Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Wesley, C. (1935) Richard Allen: Apostle of Freedom. Washington, DC.

WAR OF 1812

Donaldson, G. (1991) History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL. Krieger Pub. Co.

Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.

Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.

Langley, H. (1967) Social Reforms in the US Navy: 1798-1862. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

McConnell, R. (1968) Negro Troops of Antebellum Louisiana.. Baton Rouge, LA: LA State Univ. Press.

Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers Black Sailors Black Ink….. Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.

Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.

Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military.

Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing

Wilson, J. (1977) The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldier ... Wars of 1775-1812, 1861-1865

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

JOHN BROWN TEST

Aaron, D. (1973) The Unwritten War. New York: Oxford University Press.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. New York: Citadel Press.

Aptheker, H. (1969) American Negro Slave Revolts, New York: International Publishers.

Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (eds.) (1991) Historical & Cultural Atlas of Afr. Ams. NY Macmillan Pub. Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

DuBois, W. (1972) John Brown - New York: International Publishers.

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, NY Alfred A. Knopf.

Loewen, J. (1995) Lies My Teacher Told Me, New York: Simon & Schuster.

Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.

Oates, S. (1970) To Purge This Land With Blood. New York: Harper & Row.

Scheidenhelm, R. (ed.) (1972) The Response to John Brown.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Stavis, B. (1970) John Brown: The Sword and the Word. New York: A.S. Barnes.

Warch, R & Fanton, J. (eds.) John Brown. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York HarperCollins Publishers.

BLACK PEOPLE OF THE OLD WEST

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. New York: Citadel Press.

Beasley, D. (1919) The Negro Trail Blazer of CA, Los Angeles: Times Mirror Printing and Binding House.

Billington, M. & Hardaway, R. (eds.) (1998) African Ams. on the West. Front. Niwot, CO: Univ. Pr. of CO

Graebner, N. (ed.) 1968) Manifest Destiny. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.

Jay, W. (1849) A Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War. Boston: B. B. Mussey & Co.

Katz, W. (1992) Black People Who Made the Old West, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press

Lapp, R. (1977) Blacks in Gold Rush California. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.

Pelz, R. (1989) Black Heroes of the Wild West. Seattle: Open Hand Publishers.

Ravage, J. (1997) Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience.. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.

Savage, W. (1976) Blacks in the West. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Schroeder, J. (1973) Mr. Polk’s War: Am. Opposition and Dissent 1846-1848. Madison: Univ. of WI Press.

Smith, G. & Judah, C. (eds.) (1966) Chron. of the Gringos: U. S Army ... 1846-1848. Albuq.: Univ. of WI Pr.

BLACK WOMEN OF THE OLD WEST

Billington, M & Hardaway, E. (eds.) (1998) African Ams on the West. Front. Niwot, CO: Univ. Pr. of CO.

Bruyn, K. (1970) Aunt Clara Brown: Story of a Black Pioneer - Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Co.

James, E. & James J. (eds.) (1971) Notable American Women. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

Katz, W. (1992) Black People Who Made the Old West, Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.

Lerner, G. (1979) The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History. NY: Oxford University Press.

Myres, S. (1982) Westering Women: The Frontier Experience. 1880-1915. Albuquerque: Univ. of NM Press.

Pelz, R. (1989) Black Heroes of the Wild West. Seattle: Open Hand Publishers.

Ravage, J. (1977) Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience….Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.

Riley, G. (1981) Frontierswomen: The Iowa Experience. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Savage, W. (1976) Blacks in the West. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Sterling, D. (1984) We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the 19th Century. NY: W.W. Norton & Co.

Thompson, E. (1986) American Daughter. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society.

AFRICAN AMERICANS AND THE CIVIL WAR

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.

Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.

Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973.Chicago: Johnson Publishing.

Langley, H. (1967) Social Reforms in the United States Navy: 1798-1862. Urbana, IL: University of IL Press.

Lanning. M. (1977) African-Am. Soldier from Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub.

McConnell, R. (1968) Negro Troops of Antebellum Louisiana:.. Baton Rouge, LA: LA State Univ. Press.

Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink: Research Guide…….

Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.

Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. NY: Free Press.

Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Wilson, J. (1977) Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldier ... 1775-1812, 1861-1865. NY: Arno Press.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers

BLACK COWBOYS

Abbott, E. & Smith, H. (1939) We Pointed Them North: Recs. of a Cowpuncher. NY: Farrar & Rienhart.

Adams, A. (1931) The Log of a Cowboy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Adams, R. (ed.) (1957) The Best of the American Cowboy.Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Atherton, L. (1961) The Cattle Kings. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Bard, F. (1960) Horse Wrangler: Sixty Years in the Saddle in WY and MT. Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press.

Billington, M. & Hardaway, R. (eds.)(1998) Afr. Ams. on the West. Frontier. Niwot, CO. Univ. Pr. of CO.

Branch, E. (1961) The Cowboy and His Interpreters. New York: Cooper Square Publishers

Bronson, E. (1910) Cowboy Life on the West. Plains. Reminiscences of a Ranchman. NY: Geo. H. Doran Co.

Durham, P. & Jones, E. (1965) The Negro Cowboys. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Katz, W. (1992) Black People Who Made the Old West. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press

Leckie, W. (1967) The Buffalo Soldiers. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Pelz, R. (1989) Black Heroes of the Wild West. Seattle: Open Hand Publishers.

Ravage, J. (1997) Black Pioneers: Images of the Black Experience.. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press.

Savage, W. (1976) Blacks in the West. Westport: Greenwood Press.

BLACK STATUE OF LIBERTY

Bohlen, C. “Does She Say the Same Things in her Native Tongue?” New York Times, May 18, 1986

Felder, J. (1992) From the Statue of Liberty to the Statue of Bigotry. New York: Jack Felder.

Felder, J. “Black Origins and Lady Liberty.” Daily Challenge. July 16, 1990

Felder, J. “This Miss. Liberty Was Modeled on Racism.” Black American, July 3, 1986.

Robinson, C. & Battle, R. (1987) The Journey of the Songhai People. Philadelphia: Farmer Press

Sinclair, T. Was Original Statue a Tribute to Blacks? New York Voice, July 5, 1986

The New York Post, “Statue of Liberty” June 17, 1986.

LYNCHING

Adams. R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co., Inc.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, B. (ed.) (1977) Lynching and Rape: An Exchange of Views. American Institute for Marxist Studies.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States. NY: Citadel Press

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Davis, M. (1982) Contributions of Black Women to America. Columbia, South Carolina; Kenday Press.

Duster, A. (1970) Crusade for Justice: Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (eds.) (1982) Black Leaders of the 20th Century. Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Lerner, G. (ed.) (1973) Black Women in White America. A Documentary History. NY: Vintage Books.

Low, A. & Glift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.

Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

FIVE BLACK PRESIDENTS

Adler, D. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: Father of our Democracy. New York: Holiday House.

Bakhufu, A. (1993) The Six Black Presidents, Washington, D.C.: PIK2 Publications.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New Penguin Books.

Brodie, F. (1974) Thomas Jefferson, An Intimate History. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Curtis, J. (1982) Return to These Hills: VT Yrs. of C. Coolidge. Woodstock, VT: Curtis-Lieberman Books.

Dennis, R. (1970) The Black People of America. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Erickson, E. (1974) Dimensions of a New Identity: Jefferson Lectures. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Kane, J. (1981) Facts About the Presidents: From Geo. Washington to Ron. Reagan. NY: H. W. Wilson Co.

Mapp, A. (1987) Thomas Jefferson: A Strange Case of Mistaken Identity. New York: Madison Books.

Morrow, E. (1963) Black Man in the White House. New York: Coward-McCann Inc.

Remini, R. (1966) Andrew Jackson. New York: Harper & Row

Reuter, E. (1969) The Mulatto in the United States. Haskell House.

Rogers, J. (1965) Sex and Race. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing

Rogers, J. (1965) The Five Negro Presidents. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Sullivan, M. (1991) Presidential Passions: Love Affairs of Am’s Pres. Wash. Johnson. NY: Shapolsky Pub.

Whitney, T. (1975) The Descendants of the Presidents.Charlotte, NC: Delmar Printing Co.

BLACK INVENTORS

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.

Burt, M. (1989) Black Inventors of America. Portland: National Book Co.

Diggs, L. (1975) Black Innovations. Chicago: Institute ofPositive Education.

Haber, L. (1970) Black Pioneers of Science and Invention. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc.

Harris, M. (1964) Black Inventors: the Revolutionary Period. New York: Negro History Associates

Harris, M. (1964) Early American Inventors, 18th and 19th Centuries. New York: Negro History Assocs.

Harris, M. (1974) Granville T. Woods Memorial: Collector’s Edition. New York: Negro History Assocs.

Hayden, R. (1992) 9 African American Inventors. Frederick, Maryland: Twenty-first Century Books.

Klein, A. (1971) Hidden Contributions: Black Scientists & Inventors in Am. NY: Doubleday and Co.

Latimer, L. (1890) Incandescent Electric Lighting: A Practical Description of the Edison System NY: D. Van Norstrand Co.

Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Van Sertima, I. (1983) Blacks in Science Ancient and Modern. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

BLACK CADETS

Ambrose, S. (1966) Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.

Black, L. & S. (1985) An Officer and a Gentleman: Milit. Car. of Henry O. Flipper. Dayton, OH: Lora Co.

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.

Eppinga, J. (1996) Henry Ossian Flipper. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press.

Flipper, H. (1878) Colored Cadet at W. Point. Autobio. of Lieut. Henry O. Flipper. NY: Homer Lee & Co.

Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Publishing Co.

Glass, E. (1921) History of the Tenth Cavalry. Tucson: Acme Printing Co.

Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.

Harris, T. (ed.) (1963) Negro Frontiersman: Western Memoirs of H. O. Flipper. El Paso, TX West. Col. Pr.

Lanning, M. (1997) Afr.-Am. Soldier From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Gr.

Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.

Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. NY: Free Press.

BROWNSVILLE, TEXAS

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.

Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.

Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.

Lane, A. (1971) Brownsvile Affair: National Crisis and Black Reaction. Port Washington, NY: Nat. Univ. Pubs. Kennikat Press.

Lanning, M. (1997) African-American Soldier from Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing. Gr.

Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink: Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.

Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York; Pathfinder.

Naulty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: Free Press.

Weaver, J. (1970) The Brownsville Raid. New York: W.W. Norton.

BLACK SCIENTISTS

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro Am Publishing Co.

Bendini, S. (1972) The Life of Benjamin Banneker. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

Digs, I. (1975) Black Innovations, Chicago: Institute ofPositive Education.

Haber, L. (1970) Black Pioneers of Science and Invention.New York: Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.

Hayden, R. (1992) 11 African American Doctors, Frederick Maryland: Twenty-First Century Books

Hayden, R. (1992) 7 African American Scientists. Frederick, Maryland: Twenty-first Century Books.

Holt, R. (1942) George Washington Carver: An American Biography. New York: Doubleday & Co.

Jay, J. (1971) Negroes in Science: Natural Science doctorates 187601969. Detroit: Balamp Publishing Co.

Klein, A. (1971) The Hidden Contributions: Black Scientists and Inventors in America. NY: Doubleday & Co.

Lewis, C. (1970) Benjamin Banneker: The Man Who Saved Washington. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Van Sertima, I. (1983) Blacks in Science Ancient and Modern. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

Winslow, E. (ed.) (1974) Black Americans in Science and Engineering….Chicago: African American Images.

BLACK (NEGRO) WALL STREET

Brown, R. (1975) Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.

Butler, W. (1974) Tulsa 75: A History of Tulsa. Tulsa: Metropolitan Tulsa Chamber of Commerce.

Debo, A. (1982) Tulsa: From Creek Town to Oil Capital.Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Ellsworth, S. (1943) Death in a Promised Land: Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge: LA St. Univ. Press.

Franklin, J. (1974) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred Knopf.

Franklin, J. (1980) The Blacks in Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Gates, E. (1997) They Came Searching - How Blacks Sought the Promised Land.. Austin, TX: Eakin Press.

Johnson, H. (1998) Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa’s Historic., Texas: Eakin Press.

Teall, K. (1971) Black History in Oklahoma: A Resource Book. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma City Public Schools.

Waskow, A. (1967) From Race Riot to Sit-In. 1919 and the 1960’s.. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

Williams, L. (1972) Anatomy of 4 Race Riots - Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine.. Univ.& Col. Pr. of MS.

MARCUS GARVEY

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America. New York: Penguin Books

Clarke, J. (1974) Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa. New York: Vintage.

Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (eds.) (1982) Black Leaders of the 20th Century. Chicago: University of IL Press.

Garvey, A. (1970) Garvey and Garveyism. New York: Collier Books.

Garvey, A. (ed.) (1967) Philosophy & Opinions of Marcus Garvey or Africa.. London: Frank Cass.

Lewis, R. (1988) Marcus Garvey: Anti-Colonial Champion. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press Inc.

Martin, T. (1978) Race First: Ideological & Org. Struggles of Marcus.. Westport, CT. Greenwood Pr.

Martin, T. (1988) Marcus Garvey, Hero: A First Biography. Dover, Massachusetts: The Majority Press.

Nembhard, L. (1978) Trials and Triumphs of Marcus Garvey. Millwood, NY: Kraus Reprint Co.

Rogers, J. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Salley, C. (1993) The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African Americans, Past and Present. NY: Carol Pub.

ARTHUR ALFONSO SCHOMBURG

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co.

Bontemps, A. (1972) Harlem Renaissance Remembered. New York: Dodd Mead.

Brown, W., (ed.) (2001), Clotel. Modern Library

Cannon, C. (1941) American Book Collectors and Collecting from Colonial Times.. NY: H. W. Wilson Co.

Clarke, J. (ed.) Harlem: A Community in Transition. New York: Citadel Press.

Colon, J. (1961) A Puerto Rican in New York. New York: Mainstream Publishers.

Gubert, B. (1982) Early Black Bibliographies, 1863-1918. New York: R.R. Garland Publishing.

Huggins, N. (1971) Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jabbar, K. A. (1996) Black Profiles in Courage: A Legacy of African Am. Achievement. William Morrow

Josey, E. (ed.) (1970) The Black Librarian in America. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press.

Rogers, J. (1972) World’s Great Men of Color. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Salley, C. (1993) The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans Past and Present - NY Carol Pub. Gr.

Sanchez, K. (1983) From Colonial to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans In NYC, 1917-1948. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.

Sinnette, E. (1989) Arthur Alfonso Schomburg: Black Bibliophile & Collector. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Smith, J. (1977) Black Academic Libraries and Research Collections …. Westport, CT.: Greenwood Press.

Thorpe, E. (1971) Black Historians: A Critique. New York: William Morrow.

DR. CARTER WOODSON

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.

Al-Mansour, K. (1993) Betrayal by Any Other Name. San Francisco: The First African Arabian Press.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Aptheker, H. (1951) A Documentary History of the Negro People in the US. New York: Citadel Press.

Aptheker, H. (1968) To Be Free. New York: International Publishers.

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett, L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neil Schuman Publishers.

McIntyre, C. (1992) Criminalizing a Race: Free Blacks During Slavery. Queens, NY: Kayode Publications

Sally C. (1993) The Black 100. New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Wiltse, C (ed.) (1965) David Walker’s Appeal. New York: Hill & Wang.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

BLACKS IN THE MILITARY

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.

Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.

Greene, R. (1974) Black Defenders of America: 1775-1973. Chicago: Johnson Publishing.

Langley, H. (1967) Social Reforms in the United States Navy: 1798-1862. Urbana, IL: University of IL Press.

Lanning, M. (1997) African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Gr.

Moebs. T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink. Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.

Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.

Nalty, B. (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. NY: Free Press.

Rogers, J. (1989) Africa’s Gift to America. St. Petersburg, FL: Helga Rogers Publishing.

Wilson, J. (1977) The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldier.. New York Arno Press.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

WWII ATROCITIES

Allen, R. (1993) The Port Chicago Mutiny. New York: Amistad Press Inc.

Buchanan, A. (1972) Black Americans in World War II. Santa Barbara, CA.

Case, C. (1998) The Slaughter: An American Atrocity. Mississippi: FBC Inc.

Donaldson, G. (1991) The History of African-Americans in the Military. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.

Foner, J. (1974) Blacks and the Military in American History. New York: A New Perspective Pub. Co.

Lanning, M. (1997) The African-American Soldier: From Crispus Attucks to Colin Powell. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Pub. Gr.

Moebs, T. (1994) Black Soldiers - Black Sailors - Black Ink….Chesapeake Bay, MD: Moebs Publishing Co.

Mullen, R. (1973) Blacks in America’s Wars. New York: Pathfinder.

Nalty, B (1986) Strength for the Fight: A History of Black Americans in the Military. New York: Free Press

Pearson, R. (1964) No Share of Glory. Pacific Palisades, CA.

Zinn, H. (1980) A People’s History of the United States, New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

BLACK NATIONALISM

Adams, R. (1969) Great Negroes: Past and Present. Chicago: Afro-Am Publishing Co. Inc.

Appiah, K. & Gates, H. (eds.) (1999) Africana. New York: Basis Civitas Books.

Asante, M. & Mattson, M. (1991) Historical and Cultural Atlas of African Americans NY: Macmillan Pub. Co.

Bennett, L. (1975) The Shaping of Black America. Chicago: Johnson Publishing Co.

Bennett. L. (1988) Before the Mayflower. New York: Penguin Books.

Delany, M. R. (ed.) (1996) The Condition, Elevation, Emigration.. Black Classic Press; Reprint edition 

Franklin, J. & Meier, A. (ed.) (1982) Black Leaders of the 20th Century. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

Franklin, J. (1988) From Slavery to Freedom: A History of Negro Americans, New York: Alfred A Knopf.

Griffith, C. (1975) The African Dream: Martin R. Delany and the Emergence of Pan-African Thought. University Park: Pennsylvania State University.

Litwack, L. & Meier, A. (1988) Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century. Chicago: Univ. of IL Press.

Low, A. & Clift, V. (eds.) (1983) Encyclopedia of Black America. New York: Neal Schuman Publishers.

Moses, W. (1988) The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925. New York: Oxford University Press.

Moses. W. (ed.) (1996) Classical Black Nationalism: From Am. Rev. to Mar. Garvey. NY: NY Univ. Press.

Sally, C. (1993) The Black 100, New York: Carol Publishing Group.

Posted by J. Nayer Hardin at 3:00 PM